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Introduction: Coronavirus pandemic is currently a global health concern with no established treatment guidelines. The aim of the present study was to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine combined with azithromycin in patients with positive coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) admitted to the hospital with severe dyspnea, as well as the incidence of occurrence of adverse effects.Methods: It was intended to utilize a retrospective clinical study of approximately 250 adult patients admitted to the ALSALAM Teaching Hospital in Mosul city with mild to moderate COVID-19 in order to evaluate treatment efficacy in combination with clinical and biochemical findings. Two groups were involved in the research. The first patient group consisted of 250 people who got hydroxychloroquine in conjunction with azithromycin, while the second untreated control group consisted of 100 individuals who received no medication as part of the research.Results: Baseline parameters (clinical and biochemical assays) did not vary substantially among the two groups. Patients in the treatment group were hospitalized at a rate of 30%, compared to 27% in the untreated control group (P<0.001). Between groups, there were no statistically significant changes in mortality,non - invasive oxygen demand, or hospitalization duration. Biochemical and Clinical outcomes were comparable between those receiving hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin and those do not receive any medication.Conclusion: This treatment regimen was shown to be not affective in mild to severe positve COVID-19 hospitalized patients and was associated with a small number of mild to moderate clinical adverse effects.

Introduction: The present study aims to determine the contamination of eighteen samples from different nuts and dried fruits from the markets of Mosul and Duhok city.Materials and Methods: This study included samples of local and imported nuts and dried fruits.Results: The study showed different genera of contaminant fungi such as Alternaria, Penicillium, and Aspergillus species which are very common fungi associated with samples. The most fungal contamination was found in pistachio and black raisins, followed by balahsisi, taffy raisins, yellow raisins, dried apricot and peanut with shell. A total of nine species of Aspergillus were isolated on (potato dextrose agar, malt extract agar and dichloran rose bengal agar) media A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. tamarii, A. aculeatus, A. parasiticus, A. oryzae, A. japonicus, A. ochraceus were detected from all types of nuts and dried fruits samples. The most frequent species were A. niger followed by A. flavus and A. fumigates with percentage frequencies of 45.2%, 20.3% and 13.9% respectively. The ability of toxicogenic fungi to produce AflatoxinB1 by ELISA test of Sunlong corporation in nuts and dried fruits samples ranged from 94.8 to 136.4 µg/kg, with the highest levels of ability to produce AflatoxinB1 in nuts samples (peanut with shell, sunflower seeds and walnut) at levels 135.8, 129.0, and 128.9 µg/kg respectively, while in dried fruits samples the highest ability to produce AflatoxinB1in dried apricot, taffy raisins and yellow raisins was at levels136.4,123.1 and 118.0 µg/kg, respectively.Conclusion: we conducted the fungal contamination and  quantitative content of aflatoxin B1 in nuts and dried fruits notably those sold openly in food shops.

Sonography has become a rising trend in first-contact medical care. Increased usage of sonography comes together with technical development, availability as well as compactness of new devices. Emergent echocardiography is reproducible method providing clinically significant information during primary survey of acute cardiovascular diseases. The main points in process of implementation of emergent echocardiography by non-cardiologists are standardization of the procedure, structure of scholarship and clarification of competences. This text brings an overview of the focused echocardiography in emergency medicine and provides information of heart ultrasonography education program in The Faculty Hospital in Hradec Králové.

The majority of nanomaterials have unique properties that make them helpful in a variety of biotechnology applications. The study assesses the phytochemical, antioxidant (using a DPPH radical scavenging assay) and antimicrobial activities and identifies minimum inhibitor concentrations of Citrus sinensis (orange), Citrus Limonum (lemon), and Citrus reticulata (tangerine) extracts and their silver nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the produced AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs have a size of less than 100 nm according to SEM examination. Their DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power increased in a dose-dependent way that was more than that of their aqueous and alcoholic extracts. In comparison to Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, silver nanoparticles were found to be more efficient towards Escherichia coli. Their activities were increased with increasing dosage. Whereas, no inhibition zones were conducted with the examined plain citrus peel extracts. This finding revealed that the biomolecules that cover nanoparticles can increase metal nanoparticles' biological activity and the organic AgNPs green alcoholic and aqueous extracts from orange, lemon, and tangerine peels could be used as a potential source of new antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Background: Limited researchs were noticed on the histological impact of cyclophosphamide on rats’ brains and the reports on the effects of antioxidants to protect these harmful effects are scanty. Trials have assessed the effect of statins in cancer regarding the association between statins use and cancer incidence.Aim: To investigate the protective and ameliorative effects of rosuvastatin on the brain toxicity induced by a single dose of cyclophosphamide in male rats.Materials and methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into 3 groups (n=8 for each). The control group includes animals which were received no treatment for 15 days. The cyclophosphamide group includes rats which were received a single dose of 150 mg/kg cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally on day 8 of the experiment, then left for 7 days without treatment. The rosuvastatin+ cyclophosphamide group enrolled rats which were gavaged with rosuvastatin (20 mg/kg/day) for 7 days and then they have received an injection of cyclophosphamide and gavaged with the same dose of rosuvastatin for other 7 days. All rats were subjected to euthanasia. Brain from each case was extracted and prepared for histological examination.Results: The hippocampal sections of rats which were belonged to group 2 showed some alterations including the presence of cells with ghost appearance and damaged neurons. Features of dense nuclei of damaged hilar cells were manifested with evidence of extracellular vacuoles besides some pyknotic nuclei in these sections. Hippocampal sections of rats of group 3 showed that the majority of pyramidal cells and granule cells manifested seminormal appearance with improvement in the thickness of both granule and pyramidal cell layers.Conclusions: Rosuvastatin has a protective and ameliorative role against the adverse effect of cyclophosphamide on rat hippocampus which may be useful in clinical practice of cancer treatment.

Introduction: “Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)” is an inflammatory disorder that affects the axial skeleton,   peripheral joints, as well as entheses, resulting in significant disability. “Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)” inhibitors are regarded to be a helpful treatment for patients with active “AS”. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and response rate of “etanercept” in a group of patients with “ankylosing spondylitis” in Mosul, Iraq.Methods: A prospective, “open-labeled”, non-randomized 12 weeks study was undertaken on 43 participants with “ankylosing spondylitis” in the “Rheumatology unit” of “Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital”, and the diagnosis was made using the “modified New York criteria”. Participants were assessed at the outset of the study, week 4, and week 12 after receiving etanercept 50mg subcutaneously once weekly. The “Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI)” was utilized to assess disease activity, while the “Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Function Index” was utilized to assess functional status (BASFI) at baseline, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. BASDAI 50 was used to assess the response rate.Results: Mean patients’ age was “36.6±8.47” years; men accounted for “90.7 %” of the cases, with the mean disease length being “9.6±5.90” years. A marked decrease in BASFI and BASDAI was found four and twelve weeks after commencing treatment compared to baseline (p=0.000).  “BASDAI 50 %” response was fulfilled by 42.5 % of the participants after 4 weeks and by 65%% after 12 weeks of therapy with “etanercept”. There was a marked fall in the mean ESR and CRP after four and twelve weeks of “etanercept” therapy.Conclusion: In “AS” patients,  once weekly “etanercept” 50 mg given subcutaneously for twelve weeks was an effective therapy.

Most women experience some premenstrual symptoms regularly. Because of this, PMS/ PMDD has emerged as a 20^th century phenomenon, mostly since women now have better control over reproduction. The symptoms associated with these conditions may be minimal, moderate, or severe depending on the ratings of the symptoms recorded daily. Women also continue to report lower levels of productivity in the 5 to 10 days after the start of menses. As part of exploring these conditions, the study sought to examine the screening of premenstrual symptoms and self-medication acts among women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The findings were as follows. There were 56 participants in the study, with their ages ranging between 18 and 54. Most of the participants were also either working or students. Regarding diagnosis, nearly half of the sample (n=27, 48.2 %) were diagnosed as normal, while 4 out of 10 study participants (n=23, 41.1 %) had PMS. Additionally, 10.7 % were diagnosed as having both PMDD and PMS. On self-medication, the findings revealed that 1 out of every 2 study participants (n=28, 50 %) self-medicated to ease PMS/PMDD. Among the 28 persons, only 17 (60.17 %) had PMS/PMDD. These findings suggest that nearly half of persons who did not have PMS/PMDD self-medicated themselves thinking that they had PMS/PMDD. The findings of this study provide government and other policymakers with the data required to inform debate and to increase access to public health. Having established a sensible belief that PMS may substantially affect women in Saudi Arabia, further studies might estimate the magnitude of the problem.

Background: Disruption of the IL-6 axis can result in the beginning or progression of a variety of disease states, including cardiovascular diseases. Because of IL-6’s pathogenic function, pharmacologic manipulation of the IL-6 axis is a sensible therapeutic strategy; nevertheless, various expected, yet frequently overlooked, effects on tissues and organs other than blood vessels may also occur. The study’s goal is as follows: The purpose of this study is to see how inflammatory Interleukin-6 affects the development of coronary artery disease.Materials and Methods: Serum IL-6 level was estimated using Elabscience^® kits. A case-control study included 30 CAD patients, 30 positive controls (PC) [(have family history for CAD)], and  30 negative controls (NG) [they have no family history for CAD]. Ranged from 30 to 81 years old. Patients with acute or chronic illnesses such as liver disease, renal disease, thyroid function disorders, COVID-19, and autoimmune disease were excluded from the study. During the period from December 2020 to May 2021. Our study was included other factors such as ages, genders, smoking, family history, antihypertensive drugs or drugs for other diseases, body mass index (BMI)  which were assessed.Results: The results of this study show increased levels of IL-6 in patients with CAD compared with the PC and NC These results showed a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the concentrations compared with PC and NC.Conclusions: IL-6 could be one of the prognostic signs of CAD.

Iron status in this clinical trial was represented as "Serum  Iron, Total  iron˗  binding capacity (TIBC), Unsaturated iron˗ binding capacity  (UIBC), Transferrin saturation, Packed cell volume (PCV), Hemoglobin (Hb)", were evaluated in the blood of  98 healthy participant women, including 35 healthy non-pregnant women aged between (18-45) years as a control group and 63 healthy pregnant women aged between (15-44) years which divided into two groups depending on gestational age, the first group in the first trimester aged between (15-38) years; the second group in the third trimester aged between (21-44) years; in order to investigate the impacts of pregnancy and gestational period on iron status. The dedication of the contemporary research was to conclude the physiological changes in iron conditions in pregnant women in relation with non-pregnant women. Regarding this results that are recorded in the current research, a great significant drop in the level of the serum iron, transferrin saturation, PCV, Hb in "the first and third trimester" of pregnant women when comparison done with the control cases, while a statistical significance elevation of TIBC and UIBC level in the first and third trimester of pregnancy compared with control groups. Finally, the results of the mean value of iron status showed a meaningful difference between the first and third trimesters of pregnancy.

Introduction: Obesity is increasingly reported to be a contributing factor to vascular diseases resulting in increased patient morbidity and mortality rates leading to increase healthcare expenses. More precisely, the lipid deposition in cardiac tissues is interesting, due to their direct contribution to the disease initiation, prognosis, and all subsequent patients’ fate. We do focus on the determination of the link between changes in body mass index (BMI) and epicardial fat deposition concerning gastric operation.Objective: The objective of this work was to study the relationship between weight reduction and "epicardial thickness" after laparoscopic-sleeve gastrectomy.Methods: Critically-ill patients were recruited from private clinics and out-patients hospital clinics. Forty-two patients undergoing laparoscopic-sleeve gastrectomy due to morbid obesity were included in this research. Patients followed for four months after the operation.Results: The results of this work find there is significant weight reduction in these patients in parallel with a reduction of epicardial fat thickness.Conclusion: Patients who experience laparoscopic-sleeve gastrectomy showed a reduction in weight in a parallel reduction in epicardial fat thickness.

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of L-carnitine antioxidant ability on some hematological parameters such as the extent of red blood corpuscles (RBCs), "Packed cells volume (PCV)", Hemoglobin (Hb), and Mean cellular volume (MCV) in normal and oxidative stress exposed rats respectively. Using an animal model, "Hydrogen peroxide ((H₂O₂ 0.5 %)" was mixed with drinking tap water to induce oxidative stress through the experiment period (30 days). Three groups were used in this study (each containing 7 rats) one of them was the negative control group and the other two were the positive control group (oxidative stress group treated with H₂O₂) and the treatment group treated with H₂O₂ + L-carnitine. The oxidative stress group showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in RBCs count, and no significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in Hb, PCV, and MCV compared with the control group on the other hand the treatment group revealed a significant increase (P<0.05) in RBCs count in cooperation with the oxidative stress group. It can be concluded that L-carnitine has a positive key role toward H₂O₂ induced oxidative stress. This role positively affects the red bone marrow and erythropoiesis through balancing the negative effect of oxidative stress and can be monitored through RBCs count only.

This article describes the characterization and application of collagenase-based chitosan nanofiber membranes with rat burns. Electrospun chitosan nanofibers were functionalized with clostridial collagenase using carbodiimide chemistry. The immobilized collagenase was characterized by enzyme activity, kinetic constants, and dry storage stability measurements using a Pz-peptide substrate. The apparent kinetic constants K_M and V_max of immobilized collagenase showed a high affinity for the peptide substrate compared to the free enzyme. Drying of chitosan membranes with immobilized collagenase ensured 98 % stability of enzyme activity after rehydration. The effect of collagenase immobilized on chitosan nanofibers on the burn of the rat model was compared with a control treatment with chitosan nanofibers. The healing of the wound with both materials was terminated after 30 days at the same time, although the collagenase wound healed more rapidly during healing. The scar area size after the application of collagenase-containing chitosan nanofiber membranes was 31.6 % smaller than when only chitosan nanofibers were used.

Introduction: Livestock, including sheep, are infected with many types of parasitic diseases, and among these diseases is fascioliasis, or the so-called liver rot, which is caused by the Fasciola hepatica worm. This disease is widespread in many regions of the world, especially those with moderate climatic conditions. This disease harms the state’s economy and livestock breeders due to the high rates of infection, which greatly affects animal production.Materials: Wax sections were made from F. hepatica, cut with a thickness of 7 microns, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and Von Kossa technique to investigate the calcium sites in different organs of the worm.Results: There was a clear discrepancy in the density of calcium present in several internal organs of F. hepatica.Conclusion: We infer from this research that there is a clear variation in the density of calcium as well as the size and shape of the calcareous corpuscles in their different locations in the worm’s organs.

Introduction: Coronavirus (COVID-19)-patients with another critical ailment, such as tuberculosis need more effective care and therapy. This study aims to investigate the role of COVID-19 on active tuberculosis patients who are receiving directly observed therapy (DOT) for tuberculosis in Mosul.Methods: In a seven-month prospective observational case-control unicenter-study at a chest and respiratory disease clinic and control and disease center in Mosul, we examined two groups of the population. (cases): considered 100 patients who attend the chest and respiratory diseases clinic with clinically, laboratory, radiology diagnosed active tuberculosis and receiving Directly Observed Therapy for tuberculosis. The control group includes one hundred individuals randomly selected from daily reported tuberculosis-free COVID-19 patients at the control and disease center. The two groups were compared for COVID-19 infection clinical investigations, radiology, and laboratory tests (polymerase chain reaction test) for the cases and control. The present study revealed that from a total of 100 active tuberculosis patients who received Directly Observed Therapy for tuberculosis only one got COVID-19 infection and 10 of 100 for the controls which are significantly 9.1 times at risk of COVID-19 infection than those with tuberculosis and on Directly Observed Therapy.Conclusion: Patients with active tuberculosis and enrolled on Directly Observed Therapy appear to be at lower risk for COVID-19 infection.

Thyroid cancer is a rare type of malignancy. However, thyroid cancer constitutes more than 90 % of endocrine tumors. Metformin (N’, N’-dimethybiguanide) is the most commonly prescribed drug in the world, and the annual number of prescriptions for this drug exceeds 120 million. Metformin is the first-line oral treatment for patients with type II diabetes. Metformin has recently been investigated for potential anti-cancer activity in patients with thyroid cancer by stimulating the Adenosine Mono-Phosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) pathway in some types of tumors. In general, the anti-cancer mechanism of metformin acts directly by blocking mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation through down-regulation of mitochondrial complex I and mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. This leads to a state of metabolic stress that in turn stimulates the AMPK pathway due to ATP reduction, and leads to inhibition of the mechanical (mammalian) target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which subsequently inhibits cancer cell proliferation and stimulates apoptosis and autophagy with cell cycle perturbation. Metformin also acts in an independent manner, in addition to its indirect actions that target insulin resistance. In this review, we reviewed 21 studies on the use of metformin in thyroid cancer, which showed that administration of metformin in diabetic patients is associated with a reduced incidence of thyroid cancer. On the other hand, the use of metformin enhances the response to anticancer drugs in thyroid cancer. Overall, we need further prospective studies to elucidate the synergistic mechanism of metformin when it is used to treat thyroid cancer as adjuvant therapy with anticancer drugs.

Light–induced isomerization of enzyme ligands allows controlling specific biological processes in time and space. Photoisomerisable azobenzene-based inhibitors allow photo-control of acetylcholine (ACh) signalling by regulating acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that catalyses ACh hydrolysis in the central and peripheral nervous system. By regulating AChE, this family of inhibitors would allow spatial and temporal regulation of ACh levels in the synaptic cleft. Adequate regulation of ACh levels is an essential part of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatment and other common pathologies. Win this work we present the crystal structures of AChE in complex with three different azobenzene derived inhibitors, we confirmed AzoTHA-1 as the only photoactive compound and we determined its structure in its cis- and trans- isomeric forms bound to AChE. Three-dimensional structures, supported by online UV-Vis spectroscopy and kinetic data, explain why only AzoTHA-1 is an effective photoactive AChE inhibitor and suggest possible ways to improve photoactive drugs. We utilised S/WAXS to follow photo-isomerisation induced-changes in the wide-angle scattering region to demonstrate that photoisomerisation of the inhibitor induces its release from AChE’s active site.

We would like to invite you to the 18th International Nutrition & Diagnostics Conference  which will be held on September 22- 25, 2018, in Prague, Czech Republic  INDC 2018 is a forum for scientific discussion focused on understanding the relationship and connections between nutrition and clinical diagnostics.  Opportunity for your lecture, poster and presentation of your company.  Early registration deadline: June 30, 2018  Oral presentation deadline: June 30, 2018  Poster presentation deadline: June 30, 2018     The conference registration process is online:  http://www.indc.cz/en/registration/registration-form/  More information at:  www.indc.cz     RADANAL s.r.o.  Okružní 613, 530 03 Pardubice  telefon 466 650 618, fax 467 027 020, mobil 731 495 295  e-mail: plechacova@radanal.cz, info@indc.cz  www.radanal.cz,  www.indc.cz

Interaction between a host cell and pathogen is a permanent event and can have either adverse outcome leading to disease or great benefit for their mutual co-existence. Understanding pathological host–pathogen interaction is a prerequisite for unveiling the strategies of pathogens virulence. A number of methods exist today for deciphering and characterizing host–pathogen interaction. To increase their sensitivity and accuracy, these methods are commonly used in combinations, such as affinity purification and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, cross-linking together with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, or stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture with affinity purification. In this review, we focus on study of the early interaction time interval when the pathogen binds and invades the host cell and activates sophisticated mechanisms to overcome the host defense barrier. We briefly describe the methods applied in identifying bacterial–host cell protein interactions while emphasizing these methods’ various strengths and weaknesses.

The Veterans Health Administration provides health care for 9 million American armed forces veterans every year. The system is currently undergoing transformation to personalized, proactive and patient-driven health care. One part of this transformation is called Whole Health for Life and is discussed in this article in greater detail with an emphasis on holistic approach and using some complementary and alternative methods, such as for example yoga. It could be inspiring for health care about both the veterans and patients with chronic health conditions in the Czech Republic.

Background: The goal of our research is to show the effects and impacts of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on acute model wounds in animal subjects. Methods: Three experimental groups were created using injured rabbits (N=36)—randomly divided into three groups (N=12 per group). One group was treated only with standard wound care management. Two groups were additionally treated with HBOT either once or twice a day. The wounds were surgical, uninfected, and in healthy animal test subjects. We compared the immunohistochemical and histological parameters in 4-, 7- and 10-day intervals.Results: The detection of epidermal leaf parameters, the number of microabscesses, the Histopathological Superficial Epithelium Healing Score, Connective Tissue Healing Score, Histopathological Acute Inflammation Score and Total Histopathological Wound Healing Score all showed significant changes between time intervals within the individual groups.Conclusion: The results did not show that HBOT had a significant effect on the healing process of uncomplicated acute wounds.

Introduction: Gnostic functions are an important factor in the perception of the athlete`s body in space. When boxing, the boxer is exposed to frequent hit to the head. A hit to the head can lead to a reduction in the quality of gnostic and stereognostic abilities.Aim: The main aim of our study was to determine whether fatigue and boxing hit after completing the training unit will affect the quality of gnostic and stereognostic functions in boxers.The sample: The our sample consisted of 20 boxers from two amateur clubs.Method: Probands were tested by 4 tests. Somatognosis tests - body assessment tests 1, 2 and modified kinesthesia tests, which we adapted to the boxing position. We tested the probands before and after the training.Results: In the body assessment test, the probands achieved better values after training. In body assessment test 2 probands were able to get better results after training. In both modified kinesthesia tests probands improved after training.Conclusion: Boxing training did not lead to worse of gnostic functions. However, the long-term risk is questionable. In some tests, probands achieved improvement.

One of the major economical expense for health providers in wound care management are patients with diabetic foot ulcer or a chronic lower limb ischemia. Main treatment goal in theese patients is usually reduction in a number of amputations, especially high-ones, deeply affecting quality of life of patients. Hyperbaric medicine is already estabilished as an adjuvant method in some of these indications. In some cases it is already part of the national recomendations for diabetic foot ulcer treatment. The aim of this work is to present recent clinical systematic reviews and currently valid recommendations for the treatment of difficult-to-heal ulcers according to the 10^th European Consensus Conference ECHM (European Commission for Hyperbaric Medicine) from 2016. Part of the work is an overview of pharmacoeconomic studies, summary of treatment costs for diabetes, its complications, in patients after amputations as well as costs of HBOT. Finally, the principle and significance of the method of transcutaneous oximetry and the so-called oxygen challenge in relation to HBOT in patients with critical ischemia and diabetic foot syndrome are explained.

The initiative of Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) is a tool of European Union (EU) embedded in the Treaty of Lisbon of the year 2007 that allows founding an international project team focused on a specific task and aimed to improve armies of EU members to support the Common Security and Defence Policy. The area of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials (CBRN) is one of the promising and possible focuses where a PESCO project can be placed. This work is focused on the evaluation of the initiative PESCO in the relation to the area of CBRN and application of results from the projects to the current military praxis.

This monograph is a successful work of leading Czech experts in the field of military chemistry, radiology and protection of the population against weapons of mass destruction (OPZHN). The authors dedicate this monograph in memoriam to our leading expert in the field of OPZHN, Mr. prof. Ing. Jiří Matoušek, DrSc.

Oxidative stress is considered predictors of diseases associated with aging (cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, malignancies, and others) in HIV-negative general population. Antioxidants were investigated in people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment to determine whether they had an immunosenescent phenotype that might predispose to the development of premature age-related diseases. Clinical studies in this population are controversial.Methods: The study was conducted among 213 subjects with HIV, including 172 subjects on antiretro-virals and 41 subjects before the initiation of treatment. The control group consisted of healthy HIV-negative adults. We compared the reduced glutathione and ferric reducing antioxidant power levels in HIV untreated and treated patients and controls. Significant differences were determined by appropriate statistical tests (t - test, Mann–Whitney U test, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test). Relationships between continuous variables were quantified using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.Results: Glutathione levels were significantly lower in the treated group compared with the untreated group and controls (P ˂ 0.001). Differences in total antioxidant levels between groups were not found.Conclusions: Significant decrease of antioxidants was found independent of the virologic status of HIV patients on antiretroviral treatment. Persistence of these abnormal parameters may contribute and predispose to the premature development of diseases associated with aging.

The aim of this paper is to highlight the problematic of significant growth of mental health issues in retire people category, and the care of retire people with mental health issues, primarily the perspective of this paper is social. The main focus of this article is on characteristic and approach to mental health issues with addition of arise of mental health issues in the population. Also, it reflects the pandemic of COVID-19. Furthermore, the article is presenting the aspect of social influence. Besides, it focuses on the possibilities of healing the mental health diseases with regards to chosen age category.

This article focuses on health protection at work and investigates the potential health risk in the workplace. It describes the system of job cathegorization in the Czech Republic regarding professional diseases focusing on occupational diseases. Information about the employer’s responsibility for harm caused by occupational diseases and subsequent compensation is provided in this article. This review summarises incidences of occupational diseases in hierarchical risk level of jobs within the years 2010-2019. These jobs are categorised by the employer and regional hygienic station.

This paper’s aim is to provide clear basic explanation of the relationship between human health and climate change. It focuses on global warming, connecting it with the greenhouse effect and describing various effects the global warming has already had on human health. After the disclosure of other threats connected to climate change, the paper studies the history of it according to the Anthropocene concept theory. It also uses the perspective of weather extremes to explain climate change in the past and its connection to human health. Furthermore, this article focuses on the air pollution and its impact on the health of human population. Lastly, it touches on the topic of health inequalities and provides collected data and numbers for the future of climate change and human health.

Human activity has had severe effects on the changes in climate over the last decades affecting, as a consequence, human security overall. The importance of changes in climate and their consequent effects have been long overlooked to the point that nowadays human health is being threatened by sea rise, extreme weather events, lack of adequate basic resources, and the spread of numerous diseases, to name some. This article aims to demonstrate how these variations have promoted the spread of vector-borne diseases (VBD). More specifically, it follows the developments of Dengue fever (DENV) as a result of higher temperatures and abundant precipitations, with a particular focus on the effects of humidity and a warm environment on the proliferation of VBD. To provide evidence of these climate consequences, two empirical cases are analysed and explained, one in Bangladesh and another in Ecuador. Overall, the analysis shows a positive correlation between the increase in temperatures and the changes in the weather and the proliferation of DENV in the above-mentioned territories. This article concludes that the increased temperatures, together with the evolution of extreme weather events have facilitated the reproduction of mosquitoes carrying DENV, and have enlarged the geographic and temporal distribution in which they inhabit. On this basis, the importance of climate change and its effects on human health should be tagged as a primary concern when facing challenges over human security.