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Emergency burial of the dead is one of the tools for dealing with mass fatalities in cases where the capacity of funeral services is insufficient to ensure the proper burial of dead bodies. The aim of the article is to assess current possibilities and requirements for emergency burial of the dead in the Czech Republic based on the analysis of applicable legal regulations. It was found that some essential requirements for emergency burial of the dead is not regulated in the current legislation: 1) responsibilities for the performance of emergency funeral services are not clearly defined; 2) there are no mandatory requirement for the method of inhumation of dead bodies for which the operations necessary for their subsequent identification cannot be performed; 3) there are no mandatory requirement for the method of inhumation of dead bodied which cannot be identified.

It is usual for information to be unavailable regarding the molecular composition of extracts from herbs or animal tissues that are popular in folk medicine. Here, we present analysis of the alcohol–ether extract from bovine tissue analogous to the basic substance used in such commercial products as Retisin, Imuregen, Actovegin, and Solcoseryl. The tested extract contains a whole spectrum of free amino acids, small proteins and oligopeptides of molecular weight up to 10 kDa, various nucleotides, and a small amount of phospholipids. Among the molecules that can explain some biological activities of the extract were identified those of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine), several defensins, and bactericidal hemoglobin fragments known as hemocidins. All those molecules identified are natural components of bovine tissues, and a substantial number of them might be biologically active in vivo. Others are sources of readily available nutrients.

BACKGROUND: Damaged arteries bleeding can cause a life-threatening condition and it is one the main causes of death which can be prevented both on the battlefield and in the civilian environment. In case when severe external bleeding in a limb cannot be controlled by direct pressure a tourniquet should be used. The purpose of this study was to test four different types of tourniquets and to determine which type of tourniquet is effective to be used in the Army of the Czech Republic. METHODS: Four different types of tourniquets were tested: SOFTT, C-A-T Generation 6, C-A-T Generation 7 and the CZ Tactical tourniquet. 59 students of military medicine (35 males and 24 females) from the Faculty of Military Health Sciences volunteered for the study. Each student applied all four types of tourniquets by self-application on the non-dominant upper arm. 20 students applied all four types of tourniquets on the arm as a buddy aid. Tourniquets order was determined by randomization. Time to placement, effectiveness and a subjective assessment of the application were recorded. RESULTS: The C-A-T 7 tourniquet was the fastest applicable one, with 52, 5% of students being able to apply it up to 30 seconds. In the range of 31-60 seconds, 66, 1% of the C-A-T 6 and 54, 2% the CZ Tactical tourniquets were applied. On the contrary, the SOFTT tourniquet, as the only one, 5, 1% exceeded the application time of 2 minutes. The C-A-T 7, the C-A-T 6 and the CZ Tactical tourniquets were more effective (95%, 95% and 86%, respectively) compared with the SOFTT (56%). The correct application was found in men in 89% of the cases, while in women in 74% of the cases. A higher rate of failure was recorded for women in all types of the tourniquets. Average subjective students´ score was in the tourniquet SOFTT 3, 46 (assessment between neutral and difficult), the other tourniquets were assessed between easy and very easy (C-A-T 6 1.63, CZ Tactical tourniquet 1.46 and C-A-T 7 1.34). CONCLUSIONS: The C-A-T 7 tourniquet was best evaluated, followed by the CZ Tactical tourniquet, the C-A-T 6 and the SOFTT.  A significant difference between C-A-T 7, CZ Tactical tourniquet and C-A-T 6 on one side and SOFTT one the other side and a significant difference between male and female correct tourniquet application was found out. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was approved by the IRB of the Faculty of Military Health Sciences of the University of Defence, Czech Republic (No. MO 4330/2017-2994 HK).

Over the past two decades, the world has witnessed the onset of three different coronaviruses: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Each of these has resulted in features that have made it in some ways stronger than the previous one. Predictive epidemic models are widely recognised as one of the most reliable and valuable tools to help policymakers take decisions regarding the management of sanitary crises and have been helping governments by calculating potential consequences and benefits of related containment measures. A comparison of epidemic models that were elaborated on SARS-CoV, which caused severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and on SARS-CoV-2, which is currently causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will lead to an overview of the potential reasons why the current one has led the world into an ongoing pandemic, while the other two remained relatively delimited.

Two empolyees from the  Faculty of Military Health Sciences University of Defence, military doctors with speciality in the internal medicine reinforced medical stuff of the hospital in Cheb. Medical care was provided by lieutenant colonel Vladimír Pavlík in the period from 12^th February  to 7^th March 2021 and captain Blanka Kupsová in the period from 12^th to 28^th February 2021.  The request for doctors´ dispatch was sent from the Ministry of Health in a regular way to the Central Crisis Staff  that afterwards asked the Faculty of Military Health Sciences for support. Both doctors had to be released from their duties on the department, reorganize shifts in their residential hospital and arrange care for their family members.

The present study has shown the screening test of Hawthorn fruits (Crataegus spp.) using crude hydro-alcoholic extract and in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracted flavonoid which has shown more antibacterial activity than crude extract with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 5% to 2.5%. The amount of total flavonoid and antioxidant activity of Hawthorn fruits (Crataegus spp) in various concentration extracts and antioxidant activities of different concentration extracts were determined by radical scavenging by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•). The output showed that the contents of flavonoid were found to be 0.386 mg quercet in equivalents (QUE/g). Dried extract displayed remarkable antioxidant activity according to (DPPH•) assays.

Introduction: Symmetrical and Asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine were previously discovered in urine, the present study explored the link between acute kidney injury (AKI) and modulation in the level of these biomarkers.Methods: Ninety volunteers were recruited in the current study, sixty of them were dialysis-dependent AKI patients, their ages ranged between 29-70 years, 13 were diabetic and 47 were non-diabetics patients. Thirty healthy subjects were recruited as a control group. Blood urea, serum creatinine, uric acid, glucose, lipid profile, albumin, hemoglobin, levels were measured using an automated analyzer (SK3002b). Asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethyl-L-arginine (SDMA) serum concentrations were measured using ELISA.Results: The findings of the current study demonstrated a significant decrease in hemoglobin and serum albumin levels alongside an increase in the serum creatinine, uric acid, and serum triglyceride (TG) in the patients when compared to the apparently healthy controls. Serum concentrations of ADMA and SDMA were significantly lower in healthy controls compared to the patients. Conclusion: These data confirm the assumption which assumes that both, ADMA and SDMA serum levels are sensitive markers of reduced renal function and serum SDMA is more sensitive than ADMA in dialysis-dependent AKI patients.

Coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) leads to Coronavirus disease 2019, is recognized as a lethal epidemic in 2020. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, non-segmented, positive sense RNA virus that belongs to the beta-corona family of viruses. The genome of this virus is about 30 kb representing 16 non-structural proteins (Nsp1-16), four structural proteins (N, M, E, S) and nine accessory proteins are encoded by its genome, which are involved in survival and pathogenesis the viruses. In order to produce medicines and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2, it is essential to fully understand the genomic structure of the virus and function of its proteins. This review collects and investigates the functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 proteins that have been reported to date.

While everyone has differences in priorities, one aspect which people usually put onto top positions is our health. As the most numerous group among medical professionals, nurses are usually among the first in which people seeking medical help come into contact with. As such, they are an essential asset, though their contributions are often not valued enough. With the world becoming more and more connected, national health issues such as climate change, maternal health or human trafficking, or transmissible diseases are taking on a global scale, with the COVID-19 pandemic highlighting such developments. To provide healthcare for the people affected, nurses need to have the best conditions possible, which requires the challenges in the nursing field to be addressed as soon as possible. These challenges include nursing shortages, inequalities or education which is not able to keep up with globalizing. The possible policy solutions include raising salaries or providing social securities, which could address nursing shortages, and implementing global health concepts in nursing curricula, connected to more possibilities for nursing students to experience healthcare in other countries. Such solutions, coupled with boosting the status of the nursing profession and giving nurses bigger voice in policymaking can result in bigger numbers of well-educated nursing professionals, which will strongly improve overall global health prospects.

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global health crisis. Flavon baicalein, a major bioactive molecule of Scutellaria baicalensis, inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome in humans. Animal experiments show that baicalein has the character of a broad-spectrum coronavirus drug. It is non-toxic and can inhibit SARS-CoV-2-induced damage. Baicalein may therefore be a promising therapeutic drug for the treatment of COVID-19.

The aim of the article is to review activities of selected European armies during the Covid-19 pandemic aimed at protecting their own forces and supporting societies in danger. The attention is drawn to the importance of protection against the pandemic and its legal and organizational conditions. The analysis is based on the example of the Polish Armed Forces. The method of information exchange in the case of an outbreak of infectious diseases among soldiers and civilians in NATO is presented, taking into account various national solutions. The scope and methods of using chemical troops during disinfection of people, equipment, and infrastructure are analyzed in detail.

The article provides an interim analysis of cases of COVID-19 reported as an occupational disease to the National Registry of Occupational Diseases in 2020 and in the 1^st quarter of 2021. There were 370 cases, of which 285 are women representing 77% and 85 men representing 23%. The age range was from 18 to 70 years. The average age was 43 years. All the diseases occurred in 2020, mostly in the first wave of the epidemic. Because the average time between illness and the case reporting was 170 days, it can be expected that many cases are still under assessment. Most cases come from the Moravian-Silesian, Olomouc and Hradec Králové regions. Virtually all of these patients were infected during various health care or social work activities. They were mostly nurses, physicians, and other healthcare professionals. It is just tip of the iceberg. According to the Czech Medical Chamber, over 55 000 health professionals have contracted COVID-19 since the beginning of the epidemic until January 10, 2021. It is therefore essential that the first contact physicians thought about the possibility of the occupational origin of COVID-19, sufficiently informed their patients and referred them to the relevant occupational disease centers. Physicians should also initiate compensation for the families of workers who died of COVID-19.

As a general practitioner also involved in the Emergency Medical Service, I watched from the front line how the coronavirus pandemic in spring 2020 exposed our lack of preparedness for such situations, ranging from insufficient legislation, lack of adequate protective equipment for the general public, exposed medical staff to technical and  organizational problems in the operation of hygienic stations or diagnostic laboratories.

Kim Jong-nam (10 May 1971 - 13 February 2017) was the eldest son of Kim Jong-il, leader of North Korea, and the estranged half-brother of North Korean dictator Kim Jong-un. From roughly 1994 to 2001, he was considered the heir to his father [1]. Following a series of actions showing dissent to the North Korean regime, including a failed attempt to visit Tokyo Disneyland in May 2001 by entering Japan with a false passport, he was thought to have fallen out of favour with his father. On 13 February 2017, Kim was allegedly murdered by two women who fled after the crime [2]. The murder was commited in Malaysia during his return trip to Macau, at the low-cost carrier terminal of the Kuala Lumpur International Airport [3]. Initial reports suggest that Kim Jong-nam was murdered by VX, a type of agent used in chemical warfare [4]. Toxicological tests showed the presence of VX in Kim's eyes and face [5]. What is the agent VX and could this toxic substance cause the death of Kim?

The interest and the increasing need for communication, exchange of experience and materials, training in diagnostics and research methods has led to the idea of creating an international scientific society focusing on tularemia. Tularemia meetings focus on fundamental, clinical, and applied research regarding any aspect of Francisella tularensis.  Research uncovers not only the biology of this fascinating bacterium, but also provides the basis for future development of treatments, preventive interventions, and disease diagnosis. Under the umbrella and with active participation of WHO, a group of scientists has met to develop this idea.

The increasing antibiotic resistance of microbial pathogens isolated from farm animals tissues and the environment has been the one of the most important challenges associated with the use of antibiotics. In order to achieve better production on a farm, animal feed is enriched with antibiotics often originally intended for therapeutic purposes, which may lead to notable increases in microbial resistance. One possible approach to decreasing the excessive use of antibiotics in livestock as well as antimicrobial resistance is utilizing the antimicrobial properties of natural substances.The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of natural substances including carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, gallic acid, octyl gallate, cnicin and usnic acid against a wide spectrum of microorganisms. Cnicin was the only compound which was isolated from the plant with use of column chromatography. The antimicrobial activities of these natural substances were determined on the basis of their minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal and minimum fungicidal concentrations using the microdilution method.This determination of antimicrobial activity revealed thymol and cnicin to be effective natural substances against all tested microorganisms. Octyl gallate had a strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect against gram-positive bacteria and was the most effective against Candida strains. Usnic acid was shown to have the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations for gram-positive bacteria. These results suggest the possible incorporation of natural substances in animal rearing in order to reduce the high amount of antibiotics which are not used directly to treat animal diseases.

More attention has been paid to bat research in recent years, resulting in the detection of viruses similar to those that cause serious infectious diseases in both humans and other mammals. The ability to fly, among other atypical characteristics, probably influenced their antiviral immune response during evolution. They can control the propagation of the virus and limit self-damaging inflammatory processes. The study of these properties is very important for understanding and possible prediction of virus jump to new hosts.

Growing evidence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is a serious medical issue that has to be addressed. Our antimicrobial research is focused on searching for novel small molecules that differ from the most clinically used antibiotics by chemical structure and mechanism. However, this fundamental research is like looking for a needle in a haystack. In addition, in vitro methods are time-consuming and expensive to screen large number of compounds in reasonable time. Off-target screening can represent a solution to find novel and effective antimicrobial agents that can eliminate these problems. Accordingly, molecular docking in the family of selected frentizole derivatives predicted their potential to inhibit bacterial nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NadD). This bacterial-essential specific enzyme has an important role in NAD metabolism. Thus, underlying mechanism of antimicrobials derived from frentizole would be interference with this biochemical process. Unfortunately, broth microdilution assay did not display any antimicrobial activity of tested compounds. On the other hand, herein we propose that off-target screening can facilitate searching for new drugs and that NadD could be a relevant target for antimicrobials.

The telemedicine shows rapid development in the past decades of 20th century. It’s principally based on the transmission of sound, pictures and other kind of data using wireless technology. The establishing of the telemedicine in the obezitology begins at die end of 20th century. That time shows the technique a rapidly development, but even more, there were first menus made and shared trough the PCs. All the mend facts are connected due to rapidly increased amount of the people with obesity. In the Czech Republic, approximately 60 % of the adult population suffer obesity or overweight.  The telemedicine would applied specially for the cases as collecting a data about energetically receive, monitoring of physical activity, glycaemia records and the communication between the therapist and the patient. The telemedicine should change the motivation and the adherence of the obesity patients during the treatment in upcoming future. The results of the patients are better than in the group without telemedicine support. The telemedicine, using and analysing dates, it’s the method that could rapidly decrease a costs of the diagnostic and the treatment.

Purpose: Among other reasons, the deteriorating global security situation and dangers associated with nuclear weapons have increased the need for deeper knowledge of the basic mechanisms involving the human immune system and ionizing radiation (IR). We conducted a review as to the effects of IR on thymic tissue, and particularly on the development of thymocytes and the T lymphocytes population in peripheral blood.Existing knowledge on this topic is based in part on national registers that store records concerning irradiated people. The majority of studies in this area, however, are based on experimental animal models. The main open question in this subject area regards the delayed effects of IR on thymus tissue, development of thymocytes, and subsequent impact on the immune system. Findings acquired to date on effects of IR are contributing to emerging fields such as immunotherapy, the objective of which is to support or activate natural immunity response.Methods: Recent research articles were reviewed regarding the influence of IR on thymus tissue and thymocytes development.Results: Differentiation and proliferation of thymocytes constitute a complex and sensitive process that is partially altered after irradiation, as are, too, the mechanisms for movement of early (derived from bone marrow) and derived (thymus derivatives) precursors. Disruption of these processes may lead to alteration of immune system function.Conclusions: Low doses (<200 mGy) may lead to changes in or disruption of functions of the thymus, thymocytes, and mechanisms of the immune system. The extent of IR’s influence is dependent not only on the individual’s radiosensitivity but also on his or her sex and age. With increasing absorbed IR dose, the risk of damage to thymus tissue and thymocytes in the organism rises and the extent of damage increases.

Cynomorium coccineum and Cynomorium songaricum are unusual parasitic plants in the family Cynomoriaceae characterized by their unusual appearance and way of life. Due to their special habit and extremely rare occurrence, in the past, various magical properties have been attributed to these plants. The plant Cynomorium coccineum, which is found in the Mediterranean, has been used in Europe since the Middle Ages in folk medicine under the name fungus maletensis (maltese fungus). It was used for the same purpose in Arabic cultures under the name tarthuth. The Asian species (Cynomorium songaricum), sometimes considered a subspecies of C. coccineum, is still used in traditional Chinese medicine under the name Suo Yang. Recent studies show that the plant has a number of beneficial effects on the body and there is a real possibility that the substances present in Suo Yang or substances derived therefrom will be used in the future for therapeutic purposes. Of particular interest are their effects on sexual function. Preclinical experiments in male rats showed an increase in fertility after administration of Cynomorium extract. In these tests, an increase in the weight of the testes and an increase in the number of spermatozoa and their viability were observed. Cynomorium plants offer a new approach to the treatment of human infertility, which is currently a major problem.

In this paper we have compiled and summarized the steps which manufacturers and clinical investigators need to undertake to perform a target population definition during the Health technology assessment process of medical device, namely external cardio stimulator (pacemaker). Based on available data using top-down approach we have defined target population for external cardiostimulator and estimated, that the size of the target population for external pacing will not exceed 16000 patients per year in the Czech Republic and is of comparable size with other states in the region.

Luxation of the knee joint is a relatively rare high-energy injury with a disability of all knee joints with many early and late complications. While the diagnosis itself does not make it difficult, complications such as lesion of popliteal artery or compartment syndrome are key points and can escape attention and are needed to be actively pursued. One such case of knee luxation with revascularization by  popliteopopliteal bypass using the autologous graft v. Saphena magna and thrombectomy of the leg arteries and protective fasciotomy for impending compartment syndrome is presented by the authors in this case study.

The gut microbiota is one of the modulators influencing its host’s development, metabolism, as well as immunological, psychological, and cognitive abilities. The gut microbiota consortium influences enteroendocrine regulation, neurohormonal regulation, as well as natural immune regulation. Disruptions occurring in life can lead to dysbiosis that in turn influences the host homeostasis and/or disease. Targeted modulation of microbiota composition thus appears to be an appropriate intervention strategy in cases of certain specific health problems. Here, we demonstrate that application of the nutritional supplement Imuregen, which is a natural immune booster, modulates the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio in favor of the Bacteroidetes genera and causes no pathological changes to intestinal epithelium.

As of 14^th July 2020, 12,964,809 confirmed cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) and 570,288 deaths had been reported globally. In Kuwait, the numbers stood at 55,508 confirmed cases and 393 deaths. The disease seems to be hitting hard on the country despite the measures that have been put in place. The current study sought to examine healthcare workers HCWs awareness and perceptions of coronavirus disease in Kuwait hospitals. A prospective study design was used to examine the development of the disease among 28 HCWs between mid-May and the start of June 2020. The primary findings were as follows; most of the study participants had attended lectures/ discussions on COVID-19, only few HCWs could identify the incubation period of the novel coronavirus. However, the majority could identify the most common symptoms of the disease as fever, cough, headache, sore throat, runny nose, and skin rashes. Most of the HCWs were aware that the virus transmitted through contact. A good number of the study participants also identified pneumonia, respiratory failure and death as complications associated with coronavirus disease. The study recommends running health education programs in Kuwait to promote knowledge on the coronavirus and help the HCWs develop positive attitudes and uphold important practices.

Introduction: Judo is one of the most common martial arts around the world. Lower limb injuries in judo are a significant issue. Optimal dynamic stability plays an important role in injury prevention. Due to the high risk of injury to the lower limbs, we decided to test the dynamic stability of professional judokas of the Military Sports Center DUKLA Banská Bystrica.Method: The Y Balance Test (YBT) is a device used as a test to measure dynamic stability and determine the potential risk of lower limb injury. When measuring the athlete's lower limbs, YBT requires maintaining balance, strength, coordination and stability on one leg while moving the other leg along the Y-shaped measuring pad as far as possible, in three different directions, anterior, posterolateral and posteromedial.Results: The mean value of the YBT composite score in judoists was 102.6 (SD ± 10.28) and 103.26 (SD ± 8.33) on the left and left, respectively. right lower limb. The mean YBT composite score in the control group was 106.76 (SD ± 7.20) and 106.88 (SD ± 8.30) on the left, respectively. right lower limb. The difference between the composite score of the left lower limb in both groups and the right lower limb in both groups was not statistically significant (p <0.05).Conclusion: The results of the Y Balance Test were not better in professional judoists compared to the control non-sporting population.

Introduction: Fluoroquinolones are a frequently prescribed class of antibiotics, which has been blacklisted in recent years because of a growing evidence of the connection with serious undesirable effects, infections Clostridioides difficile, and a connection with the occurrence of multiresistant strains.Methods: In the University Hospital Hradec Kralove in the course of the years 2009-2019, several antibiotic stewardship restrictive and educational interventions were performed by the Antibiotic Centre aiming to decrease quinolone antibiotics administration. The data of the consumption of quinolone antibiotics were retrospectively evaluated and correlated with the development of sensitivity and occurrence of multiresistance of selected bacteria in the hospital.Results: In the period under investigation, consumption of fluoroquinolone antibiotics significantly decreased (p<0.001) in 10 years by 71.8% to 26.7 DDD/1000 patient day. Sensitivity of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to fluoroquinolones in the period under investigation increased by 4.8% (respectively by 15%); on the other hand, sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus decreased by 4.2% to 85.5% share of sensitive strains. The incidence of the multiresistant isolates Pseudomonas aeruginosa decreased by 8.1%, but the occurrence of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was increased in the period under investigation. The occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus did not show a stable trend and finally it was moderately increased by 2.9%.Conclusion: Implementation of programmes of antimicrobial stewardship for hospitalized patients resulted in a decrease and a rationalization of fluoroquinolone administration. The reduction of their consumption in our hospital resulted in a statistically insignificant increase in the sensitivity of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but not Staphylococcus aureus.

Early changes after radiation exposure may serve as predictors as well as targets for alleviation of radiation-induced injury in the lung. The aim of our study was to examine alterations on the cell and tissue levels in the lung and blood changes of immunological and cytokines profiles induced by ionizing radiation (IR) during the first month after irradiation in the mice experimental model. Female C57BL/6 mice were total body irradiated (TBI) by 8 Gy. Lung tissue samples and blood and were collected 4, 8 and 24 h, 7, 21 and 30 d after TBI. We measured absolute cell counts, cell populations and cytokines profile in the blood and evaluated histopathological analysis in the lung, immunophenotypization of the main lung cell populations and cytokine profiles. In blood, the acute radiation syndrome developed with recovery being observed at 21 – 30 d, observed by hematological markers. In the lung tissue, a biphasic response occurred. At first, a significant decreased of lymphocytes, resident tissues macrophages and air/tissue ratio associated with increased neutrophils was observed at 8 – 24 h. Subsequently, increase in infiltrating CD4+ T-lymphocytes, neutrophils and resident tissues macrophages and decreased airiness were measured 21 and 30 d after TBI. In summary, our study describes the mechanisms that lung tissue enables to cope with non-lethal injury.

Pharmacists are responsible for dispensing drugs and protecting the patient by making sure that they use drugs appropriately. They play an important role not only in the overall cost implications of healthcare but also in the concerns about patient safety when using medication. The scope of this paper was to evaluate the practice of navigation of medical resources among pharmacy students through a simulated event of acute kidney injury using a prospective research methodology. A sample of 65 students was used, among which 2 failed to identify the error in dosing (3.1%) while 56 (86.2%) responded with the presence of error in renal dosing and recommended correctly. Only 7 (10.8%) of the study population had an incomplete recommendation. Even though a greater percentage of the student populations were able to identify dosing errors, there were a few that were unable to identify the errors. Even though this percentage is small, it is much significant when placed in various healthcare institutions and is likely to have a significant impact on patient safety.

The issue of lone wolfs or a lone-actor terrorists become a serious and actual security problem that does not have an easy solution. The non-organized attackers are able to target any site at any time and they can become indoctrinated by internet and a contact with a terrorist group is not a condition of their activity. Currently, all countries over the world has to prepare for an eventuality of an attack. Some regions are hardly burdened by the attackers and preparation of countermeasures is a crucial task for law enforcement units. This review paper summarizes basic knowledge in the field of lone wolfs regarding to psychological and social aspects, distinguishes basic types of attacks and discuses effectivity of countermeasures.