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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathological state characterized by the excessive accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes without alcohol consumption. NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can further progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (1). Xanthohumol (XN), a hop-derived prenylflavonoid, has been reported to ameliorate steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in murine NAFLD models (2). This study aimed to investigate the effect of XN on the expression of antioxidant enzymes in an in vitro model of NAFLD. For this purpose, fat accumulation was induced in murine precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) with a medium containing fatty acids (mixture of oleic and palmitic acid), fructose, and citrate. PCLS were treated with 10 µM XN in the presence or absence of 1 µM insulin for 24 and 36 h. The mRNA expression, specific activity of the main antioxidant enzymes, and triglyceride content were determined. Specific activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were decreased after 24 and 36 h in PCLS treated with the steatotic medium and only a slight increase in response upon XN treatment was observed. In steatotic PCLS, XN caused significant increase in the mRNA expression of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1, GSTA1/2, and GSTM3 after 36 h. The influence of XN on the protein expression of these enzymes will be further studied.

Current symptomatic pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease is primarily focused on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and blocking of the NMDA receptor (N-methyl-D-aspartate). Tacrine, a molecule with both of the mechanisms of action, was withdrawn from the market in 2013 after 20 years of use due to the hepatotoxicity probably caused by its 7-hydroxytacrine metabolite. A rationale substitution of the tacrine molecule can potentially hinder the formation of a toxic species. The introduction of the methoxy or phenoxy group to position 7 led to 7-phenoxytacrine (7-PhO-THA) which we hypothesize to bypass the toxic metabolization via 7-OH tacrine and quinon methid. Furthermore, 7-PhO-THA was confirmed being of dual potency, i.e. potent and balanced inhibition of both AChE and NMDARs. We discovered that it selectively inhibits the GluN1/GluN2B subtype of NMDARs via an ifenprodil-binding site, in addition to its voltage-dependent inhibitory effect at both GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2B subtypes of NMDARs. Furthermore, whereas NMDA-induced lesion of the dorsal hippocampus confirmed potent anti-excitotoxic and neuroprotective efficacy, behavioral observations showed that 7-PhO-THA manages to avoid side effects, symptoms of schizophrenia typical for NMDA antagonists.

Organophosphorus compounds (organophosphates and organophosphonates) exert their toxicity by phosphylating (i.e. either phosphorylating or phosphonylating) the serine hydroxyl group of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in its active center, thereby inhibiting this enzyme, which inactivates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). This results in an accumulation of ACh and an "endogenous ACh poisoning".
Oximes, which can reactivate the inhibited enzyme by dephosphylation, are used in the therapy of organophosphorus compound poisoning. During the reactivation process, oximes become themselves phosphylated. Many of these phosphylated oximes are extremely potent AChE inhibitors, which may reduce their therapeutic efficacy.
K-27 is a very promising experimental oxime. In the present study, logP values of phosphylated K-27 are estimated after "in-silico exposure" to a number of organophosphorus esters [ethyl-paraoxon, methyl-paraoxon, diisopropyl-fluoro-phosphate, VX, soman, tabun, sarin, cyclosarin]. These logP values are compared with those of the native oxime and possible therapeutic relevance is discussed.
While our previously published data regarding obidoxime and pralidoxime show that phosphylation increases their lipophilicity, facilitating penetration into the brain where they can inhibit or re-inhibit enzymes, this conclusion does not hold with respect to K-27; phosphylation of K-27 does not generally increase lipophilicity. Possible consequences with regard to blood-brain-barrier passage, toxicity and therapeutic efficacy are discussed.

Protection against nerve agent-induced convulsive activity is a very important problem which is not solved yet. Pretreatment usually consists of reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, such as pyridostig-mine or physostigmine, alone or associated with centrally acting antimuscarinic compound. Biperiden is a tertiary amine antimuscarinic compound with strong atropine-like bloking eflects in the central nervous system. It possess anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) activity as well. It is well known. that biperiden is very effective against soman-induced lethality and convulsions. In the present study, biperiden (1.25 mg/kg i.m.) was combined with difierent types of cholinesterase reactivators — HI-6, VT-89 (2,3) and VT-93 (2,3) (2 x 10⁴ mol/kg i.m.). The drug combinations were administered 15, 30 and 60 min prior to exposure to 2 LD₅₀ Soman and their antilethal and anticonvulsive activity were studied in rats. The studies showed that biperiden + HI-6 protected all animals from lethality and convulsive/subconvulsive activity especially when given 15 and 30 min before the challenge. The pretreatment regimen consisting of biperiden and VT-89 (2,3) was notable to prevent soman-induced lethality and convulsions. The third combination tested — biperiden + VT-93 (2,3) provided the Same anticonvulsive protection as biperiden + HI-6 when given 60 min prior to exposure to 2 LD₅₀ Soman.

The aim of the article is to review activities of selected European armies during the Covid-19 pandemic aimed at protecting their own forces and supporting societies in danger. The attention is drawn to the importance of protection against the pandemic and its legal and organizational conditions. The analysis is based on the example of the Polish Armed Forces. The method of information exchange in the case of an outbreak of infectious diseases among soldiers and civilians in NATO is presented, taking into account various national solutions. The scope and methods of using chemical troops during disinfection of people, equipment, and infrastructure are analyzed in detail.

This article introduces a bio-psycho-socio-spiritual model of the Holocaust impact on health. On the empirical level, the way to achieving the set goals leads through qualitative field research using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach. Three groups of respondents (Holocaust survivors, 2^nd generation of survivors and experts from helping professions who have experience with survivors care) were linked to ensure the validity of the stated conclusions. The main technique for data collection was a semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed using Atlas.ti software, following the IPA recommendations.The results refer to a wide range of physical impacts (e.g. osteoporosis, flat-foot, degenerative spine diseases, chronic pain, stomach and duodenal ulcer, chronic skin defects), mental impacts (e.g. PTSD, distrust, suspicion, vigilance, inferiority complex, annoyance in connection with the German language, specific attitude to food), social impacts (loss of property, marriages of convenience, need for education, inclination to care about weaker persons) and spiritual health impact (guilt, loss of faith in God, strengthening of Jewish identity, need to pass experience). Holocaust survivors are characterized by being interested in their health. Since the time of internment they have had their daily healing rituals, such as morning stretching exercises, yoga, cold baths, airing. Cleanliness of the body (especially the hands) and the environment are very important for all survivors. For most of them it is important to keep their mental health in good condition. That is the reason why they often attend various educational activities and if they are able to travel they do that. Research on the Holocaust Survivor Group represents the integration of resilience and vulnerability, desire for life, and the ability of a person to survive and live in extreme conditions. Using the example of this study examining the impact of trauma on health in all of its dimensions, it is possible to predict the future health problems of specific groups of migrants in connection with war conflicts and other life-threatening situations.

Background: Several alternative prevention strategies are being employed in various clinical settings to reduce Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Despite the proposed theoretical advantage of these strategies, there is no agreement on their relative effectiveness in real practice. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of CIN and to report on the real effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate to protect the kidney from CIN in various cardiac patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.Methods: This is a retrospective, single-center, cohort study. A total of 60 patients admitted between January 2016 and November 2021 who were undergoing coronary angiography at a single Saudi center were included.  All patients received either intravenous sodium bicarbonate or normal saline hydration prior to, during, and after the implementation of CM.  CIN was defined as serum creatinine (SCr) ≥ 25% or ≥ 0.5 mg/dL compared to the baseline value within 48 h after CM exposure.Results: Among all patients, the incidence of CIN at 24 and 48 h was 16.7% and 15%, respectively. Strikingly, the incidence of CIN at both time points was significantly higher among patients who received sodium bicarbonate than among those who received normal saline hydration only [30% vs. 3.6% (P=0.012) and 38% vs. 3.3% (P=0.002), respectively].  Dyslipidemia status was the most positive predictor of CIN incidence at both time points.Conclusions: The 16.7% incidence of CIN in this sample is considered very high compared to the rates in previous national and international studies.  This finding indicated that further preventive measures should be urgently initiated with strict protocols for the implementation of CM according to updated guidelines.

Background: Interleukin-18 (IL-18) belongs to the cytokine family IL-1. IL-18 is synthesized as inactive precursors which need to be processed into an active interleukin by the Caspase-1 enzyme. The role of IL-18 is implicated in several auto-immune disorders, myocardial function, emphysema, metabolic syndromes, psoriasis, bowel inflammation, sepsis, and acute kidney injury. IL-18 exhibits pro-inflammatory properties, such as increased cell adhesion molecules, nitric oxide production, enhancement of T-cell and natural killer cell maturation, and increasing the production of chemokines. This study was designed from November 2020 to February 2021 at Al-Shomali hospital, Babylon governorate, Iraq. This study aimed to assess the levels of IL-18 in patients with PCOS, T2DM and CAD before treatment with metformin and after metformin medication, and to evaluate the roles of IL-18 in the development of this disease. Materials and methods: The study design is a case-control study and patients are selected by simple randomization after diagnosis by a specialist based on clinical diagnosis and laboratory findings. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA) was used to estimate the level of serum IL-18 before and after metformin administration. A total of 300 patients were involved in this study, divided according to their chronic illness as 60 women with PCOS, 60 patients Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 60 patients with myocardial infarction (MI), and 60 patients with T2DM and MI. In addition, 30 healthy people as a control group. Results: Before treatment with metformin, the results were exhibited a significant difference (P≤0.0001) in the concentrations of IL-18 in PCOS, T2DM, and patients with CAD as compared with control. While, after metformin treatment, a significant decrease (P≤0. 01, P≤0.0001 and P≤0.001) in IL-18 level in patients with PCOS and T2DM and CAD respectively as compared to before metformin treatment. Conclusion: Metformin administration reduces the inflammatory events of IL-18 in patients with T2DM and CAD and PCOS.

Introduction: Livestock, including sheep, are infected with many types of parasitic diseases, and among these diseases is fascioliasis, or the so-called liver rot, which is caused by the Fasciola hepatica worm. This disease is widespread in many regions of the world, especially those with moderate climatic conditions. This disease harms the state’s economy and livestock breeders due to the high rates of infection, which greatly affects animal production.Materials: Wax sections were made from F. hepatica, cut with a thickness of 7 microns, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and Von Kossa technique to investigate the calcium sites in different organs of the worm.Results: There was a clear discrepancy in the density of calcium present in several internal organs of F. hepatica.Conclusion: We infer from this research that there is a clear variation in the density of calcium as well as the size and shape of the calcareous corpuscles in their different locations in the worm’s organs.

The main health care challenges associated with diabetic patients are glycemic control. Insulin defection has been regarded as the mainstay which needs to be tackled to avoid glucose over presence in the circulatory system. These challenges have always been conjoined with the patient’s redox status, hence, oxidants/antioxidants determine the fate of pancreatic tissue status and they are reciprocally interrelated.  Various remedies have been utilized by patients themselves and healthcare workers to control hyperglycemia if any. Herbal and pharmacological therapy were always being used hand in hand. Herein, we are demonstrating the antioxidant effect of propolis and its role in modulation of lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients using vitamin E for comparison in sequential mode i.e. vitamin E used for 8 weeks followed one-week washout period and then propolis therapy started in the same group of patients (n = 45). Thereby a sample of serum has been collected in the first visit (baseline and vitamin E started, followed by collecting serum after 8 weeks (second visit); followed by commencing of propolis after a washout week from the second visit, at the third visit another serum sample collected from all patients. Serum was analyzed for oxidant/antioxidant status represented by malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status (TAS). Additionally, lipid profile has been measured from the same samples. The results indicate that both propolis and vitamin E positively modulated the measured parameters with superiority of propolis over vitamin E in improving these measured biomolecules. To conclude, propolis is an overall safe natural product and is inducing such positive effects in the diabetic patient, we do advise these patients to start propolis therapy as an adjuvant medication to control these deleterious biomolecules.

Drug induced acute pancreatitis is worldwide a very rare cause of acute pancreatitis at all. In the literature and in the statistics it comprises only 0.1-2 % of all cases of acute pancreatitis. Nowadays, more than 200 potential dangerous drugs are specified, that they can cause acute pancreatitis. The exact mechanism of this adverse drug reaction is still unclear and to establish the diagnosis one has to exclude more common form of acute pancreatitis (caused especially by gallstones and alcohol) and find the time connection with recieving a new, risky medication.

Sufficiently long and quality sleep is essential for maintaining long-term health, the ability to learn new things and prevent of civilization diseases. Excessive stress and many work and study responsibilities can lead to the reduction of sleep needed. Within our investigation, we decided to chart the length of sleep at the students of the University of Defense and asses their sleep habits considering, besides their study duties, also the loading by military duties and this load may lead to inappropriate sleep habits. Three questions were asked for our research:1) To Find out how long the University of Defense students sleep on working and non-working days and whether this average length differs.2) If there are differences between the average women´s and men´s length of sleep at the University of Defense.3) Whether the students sleep as long as they say they need to. The following data were subsequently evaluated.

The pаthоphysiolоgy of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) has been linked to oxidative stress (OS), which is defined as an imbalance between the formation of oxidants and the antioxidant defense system. The goal of this study was to assess the state of OS in recurrent spontaneous abortion by assessing some of its indicators in order to identify women who are at risk of abortion and enhance their reproductive health. Peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3), progesterone (P4), glutathione (GSH), uric acid (UA), pеrоxynitritе (ONOO^-), and mаlоndialdеhyde (MDA) were measured in 40 healthy non-pregnant (HNP) women, 40 healthy pregnant (HP) women without abortion history, and 21 women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (Have at least ≥ 3 consecutive abortion). All subjects are of reproductive age, with the mother gestational age in the HP and RSA groups being ≤ 20 weeks. According to maternal gestational age, RSA and HP women were separated into two categories (1^st & 2^nd trimester). According to the findings of this study, Prx3 and GSH levels declined considerably in RSA patients compared to HP and HNP patients, but ONOO^- and MDA levels increased statistically significantly in RSA patients compared to HP and HNP groups. However, P4 of RSA was found to be significantly lower in the HP group and much higher in the HNP group. The difference in uric acid levels between the RSA and HP groups was statistically significant, but the difference between the RSA and HNP groups was not.Within the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, the difference between the RSA and HP groups showed statistically significant changes in oxidative stress-related biomarkers, with the exception of uric acid, which showed a non-significant difference between the two groups within the second trimester.Finally, the effect of gestational age within RSA was revealed, with serum Prx3 and P4 showing a significant difference between the first and second stages of pregnancy, whereas other oxidative stress indicators were unaffected by pregnancy length within the RSA group.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of 1% and 2% topical nifedipine ointments on TGF–β and the acceleration of facial skin wound healing in rabbits. Nifedipine ointments of 1% and 2% were prepared. Fifty healthy male rabbits were involved and distributed into two groups according to the study period: group A (7 days) and group B (14 days). Each group was subdivided into five groups (5 rabbits/group): Group I (Normal): rabbits did not undergo a surgical procedure and did not receive treatment; group II (negative control): rabbits had surgical wounds without treatment; group III (positive control): rabbits had surgical wounds with white petroleum treatment; group IV(nifedipine 1%): rabbits had surgical wounds with nifedipine 1% ointment treatment; and group V(nifedipine 2%): rabbits had surgical wounds with nifedipine 2% ointment treatment. Following euthanasia, blood samples (5 ml) were collected from all animals for TGF–β analysis using an ELISA kit. The TGF–β level in NFD 1% group was significantly higher on the 7^th and14^th day of the study associated with a higher rate of wound closure in comparison to other groups. Conclusions: Nifedipine 1% ointment has beneficial value for improving wound healing, while nifedipine NFD 2% has no such effect.

Growth hormone (GH) the most abundant hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland could have a role with other growth factors in wound healing because they can help in the physiological wound healing process.Aims: To investigate the effects of GH on facial skin wound healing in rabbits and to evaluate its effect on "insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)" and "transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β)" in serum. Material and Method: Thirty healthy male rabbits included in this study were classified into two groups according to the day of euthanization 7 and 14 days of study, each group was subdivided into three groups; negative control group, positive control group, and treatment group, full-thickness circle 1 cm wounds were excised in the skin of the forehead for each rabbit without any medication.3-(treated group) full-thickness circle 1 cm wounds will excise in the skin of the forehead for each rabbit, 0.1ml [contain 1.2mg /3.6 IU] of growth hormone injected subcutaneously around the incision, the injection process is every other day.Result: showed a highly significant difference among all study groups in serum TGF-β (ng/L) and IGF (ng/ml) during the first and second weeks. the serum TGF-β at the end of the first and second weeks showed a significant elevation in the treatment group when compared to the other study groups. There is no significant difference between the two control groups. The serum IGF at the end of the first and second weeks showed a significant difference in IGF levels among all study groups.Conclusions: Topical GH has a role in skin wound healing since it can increase the serum level of TGF-β. GH also causes a decrease in serum IGF. Topical GH may have a positive impact on skin wound healing.

Background and objectives: Atherosclerosis is the underlying pathology of ischemic heart disease. There are many aggravating metabolic and oxidant parameters which are participating together overwhelming the pathology of vascular stenosis. Adipokines play a positive metabolic effect in healthy individuals and oxidation reaction greatly impacts the lipid metabolism and might negatively impact the condition. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the level of adiponectin, obestatin, and redox parameters in atherosclerotic patients.Methods: Serum was collected from atherosclerotic patients and froze to be ready for analysis.Results: The results indicated that hyperlipidemia significantly reduced adiponectin, obestatin, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase) together with a significant increase in oxidant byproduct (malondialdehyde) and modulated lipid parameters (cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein).Conclusion: The study concluded that atherosclerosis is associated with reduced antioxidant enzymes, obestatin, and adiponectin levels and increased lipid levels. These parameters play a great role in the patho-logical status of coronary stenosis.

Background: Overconsumption of fructose may cause metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS pathogenesis is caused by oxidative stress, cellular malfunction, and systemic inflammation caused by hereditary and environmental factors. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has become associated with the phrase "antioxidant." Most researchers use and test NAC with the goal of preventing or reducing oxidative stress.Aim: To determine the positive effects of NAC on blood glucose, lipid profile, and body weight in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in albino rats.Materials and Methods: Forty male albino rats, 10-12 weeks old, were haphazardly divided into five groups of identical size. Group I (negative control) received tap water for 12 weeks. Group II (positive control) received a 60% w/w fructose solution (60% FS) instead of tap water for 12 weeks. Group III (NAC) received tap water and an intra-peritoneal (IP) injection of NAC (150 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Group IV (protection) co-administered 60% FS orally and NAC IP injection (150 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Group V (treatment) received 60% FS for 8 weeks followed by 4 weeks of drinking tap water with NAC IP injection (150 mg/kg/day). Blood samples were taken at weeks 0, 8, and 12 and were tested for serum glucose and lipid profile. All animals of each group were weighted at weeks 0, 8 and 12 of the study.Results: Concerning serum glucose, group II showed increased glycaemia at week 8 and further elevation during week 12. Group III displayed normal glycaemia at weeks 8 and 12. In group IV, glycaemia showed elevation at week 8 followed by almost complete restoration at week 12. In group V, there was an increased glycaemia at week 8 followed by a partial restoration at week 12. Regarding lipid profile parameters, group II demonstrated a deterioration during week 8 and more worsening during week 12. There were no significant changes in group III's parameters during weeks 8 and 12. Group IV displayed a worsening in lipid profile during week 8 followed by a nearly complete improvement during week 12. During week 8, group V deteriorated, followed by a partial recovery during week 12. Concerning body weight, group II showed a weight gain at week 8 and further elevation during week 12. Group III displayed normal glycaemia at weeks 8 and 12. In group IV, glycaemia showed elevation at week 8 followed by almost complete restoration at week 12. In group V, there was an increased glycaemia at week 8 followed by a partial restoration at week 12. At week 8, there was a significant elevation in body weights  in groups II and V compared to group I. Moreover, a significant reduction in body weight was recorded in group IV compared to group II during week 8. At week 12, a significant elevation in body weight was noticed  in groups II and V compared to group I. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in body weight in group III compared to group I. On the other hand, there was a significant fall in body weight in groups IV and V  compared to group II during week 12.Conclusion: MetS was caused by a high-fructose diet, which has been shown to have a negative impact on serum glucose, lipid profiles, and body weight. Moreover, NAC has been shown to enhance these parameters in a time-dependent manner.

Background: Nutrition an integral part of child growth and development.Aim: Comparison regarding mothers' knowledge and practice between blind and non-blind child.Patients and Methods: A case control study design of 120 mothers (40 mother of blind child and 80 mother of non-blind child). It was adopted in UmAl-Rbean Development Foundation for Blind and purblind during.Results: revealed that 108 (90%) agree that with food we can control most of our disease. Diet-disease relationship reported by mothers were obesity 92 (77%) and hypertension 66 (55%) with P-value 0.017. Mothers' knowledge regarded true fact (playing sport and eat and drink, and do not be extravagant were 120 (100%) and 76 (63.3%) respectively. Mothers reported that 72 (60%) of study sample eat protein twice a day, 92 (76.7%) eat carb frequently aday, 54 (45%) eat fat once a day, 68 (56.7%) eat fruit and vegetable twice a day. Drinking plenty of water seen among blind child 18 (45%) while drinking of water with meal seen among non-blind 66 (82.5%). Drinking of tea commonly among non-blind 72 (90%) and specially with meal 28 (38.9%).Conclusion: The study concluded that mothers of non-blind children more knowledgeable than mothers of blind children. Eating carb and fat twice a day commonly seen among blind child mean while eating protein and fruit and vegetable twice a day more prevalent among non- blind child.Recommendation: Exclusive education program to mother of blind child to improve their knowledge and enhance health practice toward their child nutrition.

Once absorbed through lung tissues, smog-soluble substances are readily distributable throughout organ system reaching approximately all cells perturbing the subcellular events at mitochondrial level. The present study aimed to detect the deleterious impact of smog-containing materials on mitochondrial and thereby serum pyruvate/lactate levels coincidentally with liver proper functionality. To do so, chronic smokers were recruited and sub-classified into groups based on chronicity of smoking; control (never smoked), G1=smokers for up to 5 years, G2=smokers for up to 10 years, and  G3=smokers for up to 15 years. Serum samples were collected and stored for later on analysis. Results have confirmed that serum pyruvate/lactate and liver enzymes modulated reciprocally with smoking compared to control. The results also confirmed that liver enzymes were strongly modulated, GOT elevated while GPT reduced in a way reciprocal to chronicity, while ALP elevated in first few years of smoking in G1 group compared to other groups or control group. Serum albumin was significantly elevated in studied groups compared to control group with no changes appeared in total plasma protein and the bilirubin levels were higher in G2 group compared to G1 or G3 or control groups. Serum lactate and to certain extent serum pyruvate were also significantly perturbed showing higher levels in smokers compared to control or junior smokers. In conclusion, mitochondrial subcellular machinery are strongly affected following smoking indicated by serum pyruvate/lactate measurement and this in turn strongly affect liver functionality as an important organ involved in pyruvate-lactate demarcation and pertaining to the liver functionality indicated by bilirubin and total plasma protein or albumin measurements.

Background: Oral ulcers are among the common recurrent oral diseases which seek medical help; the underlying pathology is yet obscure, making medical intervention difficult.Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate if montelukast could help mouth ulcer model in Albino rats.Methods: The rats were divided into two groups of 24, the control group of 12 rats with induced ulcer and no therapy, and the treatment group with induced ulcer and treated orally with Montelukast 20 mg/kg. Each group had six rats sacrificed after 3 and 7 days of treatment. The lingual ulcer was produced with cotton soaked in 70% acetic acid solution and rubbed against the tongue for 2 minutes. Discolouration of tongue tissue has been noticed. Animals in all groups were weighed on days 1, 3, and 7 following mucosal ulcerations were confirmed.Results: On days 1, 3, and 7, the body weight of the treatment group rats improved as compared to the control group. On days 3 and 7, the tongue histological section of the control group revealed a wide gap of the site of ulcer in the lingual mucosa, inflammatory exudate, and severe infiltration of inflammatory cells (score 3) without re-epithelialization (score 0). Lingual sections of MTK treated group after ulcer induction on day 3 showed the same lesions as the control group whereas after 7 days demonstrated improvement in inflammatory indicators as inflammatory exudate and infiltration of inflammatory cells (score 1), formation of granulation tissue composed of fibrous tissue and angiogenesis and Re-epithelialization (score 1) comparing with the control group.Conclusion: The present study found Montelukast's anti-inflammatory potential characteristics to treat generated lingual ulcers in rats.

Background: Hydatidosis is a deadly parasitic disease that affects both humans and animals. It has received much attention due to widespread health and economic concerns. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three hydatid cysts from the slaughterhouse and butcher shops were analyzed, 17 from the lung and 16 from the liver. The specimens were collected from hydatid fluid and grown on nutritional agar and MacConkey agar using a sterile loop. A Vitek- 2 compact instrument was used to identify bacteria. The viability of the protoscoleces was also determined in these hydatid cysts. Results: The secondary infection rate with bacteria in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts was 24 (72.7%) from a total of thirty-three samples. Several types of bacteria have been isolated from hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts. Aeromonas hydrophila had the highest infection rate in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts reaching 20.83% while the lowest infection rate was 4.17% for Leuconostoc mesenteriodes, Lactococcus garvieae, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Staphylococcus hominis, Streptococcus uberis, Pseudomonas stutzer and Vibro vulnificus. Staphylococcus lentus and Lactococcus garvieae had the highest effect on the viability of protoscoleces in liver and lung, reaching 0%, and 13% respectively. Eleven of a total of 13 types of bacteria isolated from hydatid cysts in the liver and lung: were diagnosed for the first time and had not previously been recognized by earlier investigation. The rates of bacterial infection in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts were 76.47% and 68.75%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of our current study indicate that the secondary infection rate with bacteria in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts reached (72.7%), and different types of bacteria in hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts have a clear effect on the viability of protoscoleces.

Background: Newborn screening is a public health prevention system that intends to detect, early in life, a group of serious diseases that require early intervention. Institutionalizing and sustaining this system presents a remarkable challenge in developing public health systems. Duhok project for expanded newborn screening started in June 2018 with a panel of seven diseases including phenylketonuria (PKU), Galactosemia (GAL), congenital hypothyroidism (CHT), Cystic fibrosifcardiacs (CF), Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), G6PD deficiency and biotinidase deficiency. In the next few years, the panel expanded to include, finally, 72 tests, to detect various disorders of amino acids, fatty acid oxidation, organic acid, lysosomal storage disease, immunodeficiency, spinal muscular dystrophy, and others.Objectives: To evaluate the Duhok project of expanded newborn screening.Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted between June 2018 and 31 November 2021, a total of 3872 newborns were screened from 8 governorates of Iraq and the Kurdistan region. Heel prick dry blood spot samples were obtained from all newborns for biochemical and immunoassay testing.Results: A total of 527 cases were detected, frequently detected disorders were Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, cystic fibrosis, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and phenyl ketone urea. Most of the positive cases (66%) were older than 7 days at screening.Conclusion: The article highlights the overview of the expanded newborn screening project in Duhok/Iraq. NBS has not yet become prevalent in Iraq, thus the screening for metabolic disorders is not normally requested until a patient is already experiencing symptoms.

The problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a global issue and a major health challenge that requires continuous studies on how this resistance develops and spreads, and its relationship to resistance to other factors such as heavy metals and biocides. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of antibiotics, heavy metals, and biocides-resistant genes on the chromosomes and plasmids of some Enterobacteria species. The results showed that antibiotics resistant genes (bla_CTX, sul 1) were present in all isolates except for Klebsiella pneumoniae chromosome, while for heavy metals resistant genes, czcA detected in all isolates except for K. pneumoniae plasmid, ncc gene was only detected in the chromosome of Escherichia coli O157.H7 and E. coli, and plasmid of E. coli O157.H7. biocides gene (qacE∆1) was present in all isolates except for the E. faecalis chromosome. The current study resulted that the studied resistance genes spread clearly among the types of Enterobacteria, and this reflects the possibility of transmission of these genes among the bacteria present in this habitat.

Background: ADHD syndrome is still at the forefront of discussed diagnoses in children, and is a continuing phenomenon even into adulthood. At the same time, the development of substance and non-substance addictions at an early age is a constant problem. The phenomenon of behavioral disorders, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, resulting from the immature development of brain centers in children, often brings with it persecution from pedagogues and educators. For both children and adults, there is no suggested therapeutic procedure, except for medication, although it is possible to work with the given disorder with an appropriate bio-psycho-social approach. Subsequently, the developmental deficit persists into adulthood.Objective: The main objective of the work was to reduce the stigmatization of addicted persons and to point out all developmental factors leading to addictive behavior, one of which is ADHD and its manifestations. One of the other goals is to draw attention to the importance of therapy for people with ADHD and to reduce medication to a minimum, if this can be achieved, and at the same time to emphasize this developmental deficit in the recruitment of professional soldiers.Methods: It was a retrospective collection and analysis of anamnestic data from medical records, and further data was obtained through a questionnaire survey. The data was evaluated based on established scales. The method of surveying the analyzed data by the coefficient in the maximum value. The resulting values were obtained by summing the points within the individual risk factors.Results: The highest score in the evaluation of the answers, and therefore the highest influence on the later use of addictive substances, had a psychiatric illness in childhood (point evaluation 351), in second place with a number of 295 points was a serious illness in childhood as a significant risk factor, followed by learning disabilities (277 points) and a low level of sports skills.Conclusion: The information obtained should initiate an increase in attention in the framework of preventive examinations in children, to the expansion of screening in the framework of gross motor skills, movement skills, and the implementation of therapeutic methods through frequent training in connection with the development of brain centers. At the same time, attention should be focused on the treatment of children with ADHD by amphetamine-containing substances, which should have a decreasing tendency and expand efforts to implement therapeutic methods and knowledge of preventive medicine, such as sufficient exercise, healthy diet, and calm family background, which will lead to improved relationships in families to achieve a reduction in anxiety states in children.

There are two key sources of data that contribute to biomedicine research: surveillance and questionnaires and interviews. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA) defines surveillance as the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data, essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination to those who need to know. The three things to keep in mind about surveillance systems are that they are ongoing (collecting information only once is not a surveillance system), the data collected are used (analyzed and interpreted) and finally, surveillance data is disseminated. There are several tangible applications of surveillance as a tool. For example, surveillance data can be used to establish public health priorities, aid in determining resource allocation and assess or evaluate public health programs. Surveillance data originate from many sources; therefore, standardization of surveillance practices is an ongoing challenge.For epidemiologists specifically, surveillance data can be used to determine a baseline for the detection of epidemics or for early detection of epidemics. This is clearly the positive meaning and impact of this system collecting sensitive population data. However, expression surveillance means in effect, supervision or control. The subsequent resulting regulations are the subject of reflection in this article.

Objective: To study the efficacy of autologous fat transplantation after preservation at −2 to −18°C in a domestic refrigerator.Patients and methods: This study was conducted in a private clinic from December 2017 to December 2021. A total of 973 female patients were included. Under a full aseptic technique, fat was harvested using a 4 mm suction blunt cannula with three longitudinal slits. Three 50 mL syringes of fat were obtained before transferring it to 10 mL syringes; then, the fat was centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 1 min and injected through an 18 gauge blunt cannula. In addition, 50 mL of fat without centrifugation was stored in a domestic refrigerator for 3 weeks to be reinjected after fast thawing for 20 min, and then centrifuged to be ready for the second session. All participants had follow-up visits at 3 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year.Results: Participants ranged in age from 18 to 65 years. The abdomen was the fat donor site in 63.3% of the patients, while round-face style augmentation was performed in 48.3% of the patients. An assessment at 3 weeks revealed that 84.1% of patients required a second session. After 6 months, on an assessment using a 10-point scale, patients who received a single session and a second session scored 6.05 and 7.46, respectively. At 1 year, the assessment scores were 5.65 and 7.12 for those with a single and second session, respectively, and 60% of patients were fully satisfied.Conclusion: Autologous fat preserved in a domestic refrigerator for 3 weeks is a safe, cheap, and tolerated filler for facial augmentation.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to inform about different techniques used to improve treatment of nerve agents intoxication at the Department of Toxicology.METHODS: Different methods are briefly mentioned and their importance for development of more effective reactivators is discussed.RESULTS: Basic characterization of nerve agents and therapeutic drugs is necessary after literature survey. Usage of different techniques and properties of various reactivators are studied and, on this basis, the most effective ones are tested in details and proposed for practical use.CONCLUSIONS: The results described in this study clearly demonstrate that for the development of new and more effective cholinesterase reactivators, a complex approach using different methodical attitudes is necessary.

Human serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8) is currently under advanced development as a pretreatment for organophosphorus (OP) poisoning in human. It was shown to protect mice, rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys against multiple LD₅₀ challenges of OPs nerve agents intoxications. The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of the pretreatment by the human BChE in blood and brain after intramuscular intoxication by Russian VX agent (RVX). Purified human BChE was administered intraperitoneally (500 U/kg) 30 minutes before a single dose of RVX corresponding to 1 LD₅₀ (15 μg/kg). Changes in cholinesterases activities were assessed by standard Ellman's method.In conclusion, BChE was not able to absolutely protect acetylcholinesterase against inhibition in blood. On the other hand it was able to reduce toxic effect of RVX in brain. The protection of cholinesterases in brain is important in prophylaxis, because brain damage is inconsistent with survival of intoxicated organisms.

The tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP), the first synthetically prepared organophosphorus inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, is put down to the French chemist Philippe de Clermont. Nevertheless, certain facts show that the first synthesis of TEPP was achieved by Clermont's colleague, likewise working in Adolphe Wurtz's laboratory in Paris. This person was a Russian student, Wladimir Petrovich Moschnine from Moscow. While Clermont was well known, nobody knew who Moschnine was. Due to young Portuguese researcher, Ana Carneiro, and Professor George A. Petroianu from the United Arab Emirates University, they managed to elucidated yet unknown history of organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors.

Protective effect of cholinesterase reversible inhibitors tacrin, and pyridostigmine alone or in combination with different drugs against acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the pontomedullar area and cerebellum of rats caused by VX agent in vivo was studied as well as survival of animals pretreated with different combinations of the drugs used. The best prophylactic effect was observed for combination of pyridostigmine (or tacrin) with benactyzine, trihexyphenidyle and HI-6. However, tacrine alone or in other combinations had not better prophylactic effect in comparison with these combinations containing pyridostigmine.