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Chitosan is low toxic, non-immunogenic and biodegradable natural biopolymer. As the deacetylated form of chitin, it is extensively used in medicine, agriculture and industry for easy production, biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity. Chitosan is also widely studied as the main structural unit of nanomaterials. Numerous studies have shown the strong antimicrobial activity of chitosan including its efficacy as an adjuvant for construction of new vaccines. In this overview, we present the basic information on chitosan nanopar-ticles, their preparation, purification, and  characterization as well as the new data on their utilization for the construction of targetted drugs based on nanotechnologies.

Aircrew members of the Czech Air Force are specifically stressed subpopulation of professional soldiers. Besides mental stress, they are exposed to physical stress that requires extraordinary physical fitness. It is most influenced by daily physical activity and nutrition. Dietary intakes of aircrew members that are determined by the legislation of the Ministry of defence cannot adequately reflect energy requirements of duty in all individuals. Thus, the question has arisen whether an actual fitness level of the Czech Air Force aircrew members is sufficient to provide maximal resistance to the negative consequences of an aircraft flying and keep maximal combat readiness. The protective effect of regular and targeted physical activity along with nutritional measures needs to be based on the analysis of dietary intake and energy requirements of the aircrew members when performing duties.

Fatigue is common clinical issue, where previous effort, whether physical or mental leads to a reduction in the ability to perform activities. Fatigue severely affects human performance and error rate. Recently, in addition to researching physical fatigue, great emphasis has been placed on research into mental fatigue. The relationship between the two types of fatigue is intensively investigated. Exploration of fatigue and its impact on job performance in high-risk military occupations aims to reduce error rates and eliminate potentially large damage, injuries and loss of life. In this review are described the basic theses of fatigue, physiological mechanisms of fatigue and the methods of fatigue research.

The chemical warfare agents and neurotoxic agents are an important threat to people all over the world, and require special attention because they are highly dangerous. Most of these agents are neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds (OP), which inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is responsible for controlling the transmission of nerve impulses. To be inhibited by these compounds, AChE can sometimes be reactivated using cationic oximes, which are the most used substances for this reactivation. Until today there have not been discovered agents for complete treatment of poisoning by all OPs. For this reason, the treatment of intoxicated people requires the determination of the absorbed OP, in order to select the appropriate activator, a process that usually requires long time and may cause death. Therefore, this study aims to do a review on the OPs used as chemical warfare agents and the process of inhibition and reactivation of AChE, especially to motivate the development of new agents for defense against chemical weapons, a process that is very important for protecting all humanity.

An integral part of the research and development of new antidotes against nerve agents (herein referred to as NAs) is the verification of their efficacy by means of in vitro tests. The purpose of these tests is to verify the ability of an antidote to protect cholinesterases from inhibition or to reactivate inhibited cholinesterases. For this purpose cholinesterases of different species and with a different degree of purification are traditionally used. Using immobilized cholinesterases proves to be new and advantageous for a number of reasons. The authors of the presented work verified the usability of Detehit detector (Oritest Praha Ltd) containing the pig's brain acetylcholinesterase for this purpose. In this article we see the results of tests focused on verifying the effect of different reaction conditions on the activity of acetylcholinesterase, especially with regard to reproducibility of these measurements.

Measurement and assessment of physical bioimpedance is one of important, technically demanding and simultaneously simple non-invasive methods for clinics, which is suitable for monitoring of body composition changes: fat mass, FFM and TBW. The goal of this work is to find out what effects has a physical activity on the human body composition obtained from InBody 720 a Tanita MC-180 MA. Results discovered by monitoring lead to the conclusion that a short-time physical load does not significantly influence blood return of individual tissues and thereby no important changes of impedance and body composition are observed. Neither statistically important changes of fat mass, nor fat free mass was proved.

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) is a tick-borne zoonosis. It belongs to new emerging zoonoses. Based on available sources, it is certain that HGE does not occur only in American continent population as it was reported in 1996, but now it also appears in Europe where several cases have been reported too. The first Czech case of veterinary disease was diagnosed in a dog in 1996. Small ruminants may function as a reservoir of the bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophila and may represent a risk in transmisssion of this infection to human beings. Within the so-called differential diagnosis of the disease, which was developed in connection with a tick bite, a group of 925 patients possibly suffering from HGE was monitored between the years 2000 and 2007 in Pardubice regional hospital at the infectious diseases ward. The HGE disease was detected in 53 cases. The authors present one confirmed case of HGE disease in the monitored group. HGE should be considered a working diagnosis in the differential diagnostic process of tick-transmitted zoonose in the Czech Republic too.

The gut microbiota is one of the modulators influencing its host’s development, metabolism, as well as immunological, psychological, and cognitive abilities. The gut microbiota consortium influences enteroendocrine regulation, neurohormonal regulation, as well as natural immune regulation. Disruptions occurring in life can lead to dysbiosis that in turn influences the host homeostasis and/or disease. Targeted modulation of microbiota composition thus appears to be an appropriate intervention strategy in cases of certain specific health problems. Here, we demonstrate that application of the nutritional supplement Imuregen, which is a natural immune booster, modulates the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio in favor of the Bacteroidetes genera and causes no pathological changes to intestinal epithelium.

Interaction between a host cell and pathogen is a permanent event and can have either adverse outcome leading to disease or great benefit for their mutual co-existence. Understanding pathological host–pathogen interaction is a prerequisite for unveiling the strategies of pathogens virulence. A number of methods exist today for deciphering and characterizing host–pathogen interaction. To increase their sensitivity and accuracy, these methods are commonly used in combinations, such as affinity purification and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, cross-linking together with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, or stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture with affinity purification. In this review, we focus on study of the early interaction time interval when the pathogen binds and invades the host cell and activates sophisticated mechanisms to overcome the host defense barrier. We briefly describe the methods applied in identifying bacterial–host cell protein interactions while emphasizing these methods’ various strengths and weaknesses.

Both molecular docking and molecular dynamics was used to visualise the active or blocked site of AChE, and to determine affinity values in silico modelling. Selection of 60 ligands (including commercially available reactivators, e.g. trimedoxime, asoxime) from peer-reviewed articles (2) were docked into into proximity of AChE-A230 complex bond using software AutoDock Vina (v. 1.1.2). The most promising 32 ligands docked in AChE were evaluated by molecular dynamics (GROMACS 2020.4 software).
Evaluation of specified simulations using Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD) software has shown that the closest distance between the oxime group of the Z03-labeled ligand and the phosphorus of A230 was 3.14Å proposing theoretical successful reactivation regarding the near–attack conformation (NAC) criterion. The results of this study provide a rational basis for the synthesis of proposed reactivators and their consecutive in vitro evaluation.

Vitamin D inadequacy is widespread in females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), with blood values of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) down to or less than 20 ng/ml in two-third of PCOS patients. Decreased 25OHD concentrations have been linked to insulin resistance, ovulatory and period abnormalities, lower pregnancy outcomes, and other indications of PCOS, according to epidemiological studies. There might be some, but inadequate, research that vitamin D supplements can help women with PCOS with menstruation disruption and insulin sensitivity. Vitamin D inadequacy may bestow to the exacerbation of PCOS, and vitamin D intake may be helpful in the treatment of this condition. However, the present evidence is insufficient, and further experimental investigations are in need to establish vitamin D supplementation's potential advantages in this population. Many investigators claimed a pertinency between vitamin D concentrations and PCOS, nevertheless, these researches bear rattle factors of conjoined with other disorders or ailments, such as obesity, diabetes, and hirsutism. In the view of this, the present review detailed the role of vitamin D inadequacy and related biomolecule abnormalities, including sex hormones, and insulin and we listed their psychological and cardiovascular encounter. We concluded that the correlation between vitamin D intake and mended PCOS prominence is dubious and no definite findings attained by studies conducted across multicentral laboratories.

Background: There are scarce data on disease characteristics and severity of coronavirus 2019(COVID - 19) among Iraqi patients with rheumatic diseases (RDs). In this study, we aimed to report the disease characteristics and variables associated with COVID-19 outcome among patients with RDs.Methods: Between October 2020 and April 2021, rheumatic diseases (RDs) patients with COVID-19 were registered from different centres in Iraq. The patient's demographics, rheumatological history, COVID-19 symptoms, severity, and management, if any, their disease progress and outcome have been assessed. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of disease severity.Results: 253 patients were included in the study, and most were females. The commonest rheumatic disease was rheumatoid arthritis (RA), followed by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (95, 52 and 20 patients respectively). It has been found that 50.6% of patients had mild COVID-19, and 49.4% had moderate disease; 18% of patients required oxygen support, no patient was treated in hospital, and there was no reported death. Patients with moderate COVID-19 had significantly higher age than mild type (p= 0.022); with more BMI (p=0.03), more in the number of comorbidities (p<0.001), more steroids users (p=0.012), higher steroid dose (P=0.034), had longer steroid duration,   longer duration of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cDMARDs) (p=0.018), and biologic Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drug (bDMARDs) in months (p=0.025). Increasing body mass index (BMI), duration of biological DMARDs use, and an increasing number of comorbidities were significant independent factors that increase the risk of having more severe COVID-19, (p<0.05).Conclusion: COVID-19 infection rheumatic patients tend to have mild-moderate disease course; BMI, duration of biological DMARDs use, and many comorbidities were significant independent factors that increase the risk of having more severe COVID-19.

Microbial enzymes are used in a wide range of industrial production, in pharmacy, medicine or as part of detection methods or biosensors, due to low-cost production in short time. Immobilization of enzymes on solid surfaces has been shown to improve essential requirements, such as higher efficiency of the enzymatic reaction per unit time, better pH and thermo stability, repeated use, easy separation of enzyme and long-term stability. In industry, immobilization is used in food production processes, in detergents and their preparation, in the textile industry or in the production of biofuels. In pharmacy, immobilized enzymes are a part of the production of drugs, or as a part of drugs themselves, in medicine, immobilized enzymes are used to treat or diagnosis of diseases. Immobilized enzymes are a suitable part of detection methods, segment of biosensors for the determination of specific markers of poisoning and diseases, also are used for the determination of water and soil pollution or as an ecological variant replacing toxic chemicals. Immobilization of enzymes on solid surfaces is used in many areas and offers great potential for the future.

Every year many drug molecules discovered to be effective in treatment of many diseases, however not all of these drugs succeed in reaching the market. One of the main reasons for such failure is the lipophilicity or low water solubility of these chemicals which results in poor bioavailability. Nanoemulsion has the ability to deliver these drugs in an efficient way. Nanoemulsion, which is usually o/w emulsion can incorporate this lipophilic drug into nanolipoidal droplets. However, the difficulty in applying liquid dosage form can be overcome by using nanoemulgel system. Nanoemulgel considered as a suitable way to deliver lipophilic drugs through topical route. This review tries to highlight the importance of nanoemulgel as a drug delivery system. The components of the systems have been explored and the methods of preparations including high energy methods and low energy methods have been discussed. Different methods were used in characterization of such delivery system; all of these methods and techniques were reviewed briefly. Finally, the recent researches about different applications of emulgel in local delivery or systemic delivery has been discussed. To conclude, the nanoemulgel applications in drug delivery is very promising and many products will find their way to the markets soon.

Background and objectives: hyperlipidemia is the hallmark of cardiovascular diseases, namely hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and strokes. Treatment should be satisfactory to tackle the lipid disorder and maintain the circulatory normal lipid profile. Many factors/cofactors coordinate to maintain lipid levels within normal to avoid subsequent hazards associated with hyperlipidemia. Coenzyme Q10 is a ubiquitous endogenous biomolecule that plays an important biological role in the lipid catabolic pathway. The goal of the study is to define the role of Coenzyme Q10 in hyperlipidemic mice model induced manually.Methods: to do so, a diet based hyperlipidemia state was induced in mice and they were distributed into different groups to conform with our study objectives. A Coenzyme Q10 treated group was compared to the negative control group and the positive control group was used as well.Results: The biochemical and histological outcomes declared that Coenzyme Q10 has important lipid-reducing effects which are parallel or even superior to lipid reducing drugs (e.g. Rosuvastatin). Conclusion of the present study addressed the lipid-lowering properties of Coenzyme Q10 in a newly induced hyperlipidemia mouse model bestowing the use of Coenzyme Q10 as add-on adjuvant therapy in a high-risk group or as a monotherapy in a prophylactic group.

Introduction: The present study aims to determine the contamination of eighteen samples from different nuts and dried fruits from the markets of Mosul and Duhok city.Materials and Methods: This study included samples of local and imported nuts and dried fruits.Results: The study showed different genera of contaminant fungi such as Alternaria, Penicillium, and Aspergillus species which are very common fungi associated with samples. The most fungal contamination was found in pistachio and black raisins, followed by balahsisi, taffy raisins, yellow raisins, dried apricot and peanut with shell. A total of nine species of Aspergillus were isolated on (potato dextrose agar, malt extract agar and dichloran rose bengal agar) media A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. tamarii, A. aculeatus, A. parasiticus, A. oryzae, A. japonicus, A. ochraceus were detected from all types of nuts and dried fruits samples. The most frequent species were A. niger followed by A. flavus and A. fumigates with percentage frequencies of 45.2%, 20.3% and 13.9% respectively. The ability of toxicogenic fungi to produce AflatoxinB1 by ELISA test of Sunlong corporation in nuts and dried fruits samples ranged from 94.8 to 136.4 µg/kg, with the highest levels of ability to produce AflatoxinB1 in nuts samples (peanut with shell, sunflower seeds and walnut) at levels 135.8, 129.0, and 128.9 µg/kg respectively, while in dried fruits samples the highest ability to produce AflatoxinB1in dried apricot, taffy raisins and yellow raisins was at levels136.4,123.1 and 118.0 µg/kg, respectively.Conclusion: we conducted the fungal contamination and  quantitative content of aflatoxin B1 in nuts and dried fruits notably those sold openly in food shops.

Background: Disruption of the IL-6 axis can result in the beginning or progression of a variety of disease states, including cardiovascular diseases. Because of IL-6’s pathogenic function, pharmacologic manipulation of the IL-6 axis is a sensible therapeutic strategy; nevertheless, various expected, yet frequently overlooked, effects on tissues and organs other than blood vessels may also occur. The study’s goal is as follows: The purpose of this study is to see how inflammatory Interleukin-6 affects the development of coronary artery disease.Materials and Methods: Serum IL-6 level was estimated using Elabscience^® kits. A case-control study included 30 CAD patients, 30 positive controls (PC) [(have family history for CAD)], and  30 negative controls (NG) [they have no family history for CAD]. Ranged from 30 to 81 years old. Patients with acute or chronic illnesses such as liver disease, renal disease, thyroid function disorders, COVID-19, and autoimmune disease were excluded from the study. During the period from December 2020 to May 2021. Our study was included other factors such as ages, genders, smoking, family history, antihypertensive drugs or drugs for other diseases, body mass index (BMI)  which were assessed.Results: The results of this study show increased levels of IL-6 in patients with CAD compared with the PC and NC These results showed a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the concentrations compared with PC and NC.Conclusions: IL-6 could be one of the prognostic signs of CAD.

Iron status in this clinical trial was represented as "Serum  Iron, Total  iron˗  binding capacity (TIBC), Unsaturated iron˗ binding capacity  (UIBC), Transferrin saturation, Packed cell volume (PCV), Hemoglobin (Hb)", were evaluated in the blood of  98 healthy participant women, including 35 healthy non-pregnant women aged between (18-45) years as a control group and 63 healthy pregnant women aged between (15-44) years which divided into two groups depending on gestational age, the first group in the first trimester aged between (15-38) years; the second group in the third trimester aged between (21-44) years; in order to investigate the impacts of pregnancy and gestational period on iron status. The dedication of the contemporary research was to conclude the physiological changes in iron conditions in pregnant women in relation with non-pregnant women. Regarding this results that are recorded in the current research, a great significant drop in the level of the serum iron, transferrin saturation, PCV, Hb in "the first and third trimester" of pregnant women when comparison done with the control cases, while a statistical significance elevation of TIBC and UIBC level in the first and third trimester of pregnancy compared with control groups. Finally, the results of the mean value of iron status showed a meaningful difference between the first and third trimesters of pregnancy.

Lower first permanent molars typically have five cusps and two roots. The occurrence of six cusps in the anatomical crown of the teeth is quite rare, especially among the European population, but this anatomical variant is typical for indigenous Australians (1). In this paper, we present a patient's case together with relevant digital documents. We also describe certain conservating, endodontic, surgical, and periodontic risks related to treating such teeth.

This article aims to analyze how Nigeria, the 86^th ranked State according to the Global Health Security Index (GHS Index), fared through the Covid-19 pandemic by linking its Ebola experience to the pandemic response. The paper will tackle (one of) these questions: Does their response as a State truly reflect the ranking? Or were they, like the rest of the world, truly unprepared and powerless against the outbreak?

Objectives: The goal of this study was to see how systemic vitamin D3 supplementation affected the durability of dental implants as assessed by radiofrequency analysis.Methods: This split-mouth clinical trial included a total of twelve patients seeking dental implant therapy, ranging in age from 25 to 50 years. The patients were divided into control group and treatment group. Each patient in both groups received dental implants in posterior maxillary extraction sites. The radiofrequency analysis (RFA) was conducted using Osstell Mentor device to evaluate the stability of dental implant at various time points.Results: During the three months of the trial, substantial differences between the treatment and control groups were detected according to osstell meter device at the time of insertion (primary stability) and 3 months later (secondary stability).Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation has a positive effect on dental implant stability.

Background: Progesterone is the source of the steroid general anesthetic Alfaxalone, which became commercially available in the 1970s when combined  with alfadolone, another steroid anesthetic.Objective: the goal of the present  research was to discover and assess the sub-anesthetic effects of Alfaxalone: the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties in broiler chicks. Methods: One hundred and three Ross broiler chicks (80-100 g, 7-8 days old) were used. The electric stimulation test, hot water test (HWT), and formalin test were performed on broiler chicks to assess the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Alfaxalone. The up-and-down method that described by Dixon was used to determine the median effective antinociceptive dose.Results: The median effective antinociceptive doses (ED_50s) of Alfaxalone by  electric stimulation test and hot water test were 0.94 and 0.65 mg/kg intraperitoneally, respectively. Alfaxalone, at doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg intraperitoneally, induced an antinociceptive effect in the electric stimulation test and HWT as well as antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects during the  formalin test in the chicks. The antinociceptive effect was displayed 15 min after treatment and the maximum effect was observed 30 min after injection.Conclusion: The results showed that Alfaxalone had antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects, with a stronger antinociceptive effect in the electric stimulation test than in the thermal stimulation test, which was illustrated by  shorter antinociceptive time.

Increased oxidative stress appears to be a risk factor for insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, β-cell dysfunction, impaired glucose tolerance, and, eventually, diabetes mellitus. The majority of research shows that oxidative stress plays a role in the etiology of diabetes through changes in enzymatic systems, lipid peroxidation, decreased levels of vitamin C, and reduced glutathione metabolism. Objectives: the study was conducted to evaluate biomarkers of oxidative stress such as serum malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT), vitamins (C, E), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and a lipid profile in newly diagnosed type I diabetics (IDDM). Methods: Patients are selected by simple randomization after professional diagnosis based on clinical examination and laboratory tests in a case-control study. This study included 24 newly diagnosed type I diabetics and 20 as a control group. Results: Newly diagnosed IDDM patients showed significantly higher MDA, MPO, TC, LDL, TC, TG, and AIP than the control group. The diabetic group also showed a significant decrease in CAT, GSH, HDL, NO and vitamins (E and C) when compared to healthy subjects. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that patients with type 1 diabetes have a disturbance in oxidant/antioxidant status and lipid profile.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver, which in most cases develops in the field of liver cirrhosis of various etiologies. Only the early stages of the disease are indicated for surgical, potentially curative treatment. Only about a third of cases of HCC are caught in the early stages. The screening examination of risk groups of patients is liver ultrasonography (USG) at 6-month intervals. Besides its well-known advantages, USG has significant limitations. The sensitivity of USG for the early stages of HCC is only around 60 %. Considering this and also because it is an expert-dependent method, there is an urgent need for an objective HCC biomarker. Alpha-fetoprotein is generally perceived as a biomarker of HCC, however, its sensitivity and specificity for diagnostic or even screening purposes are insufficient. Other biomarkers have been investigated with varying results, but none have reached the effectiveness of USG. A relatively new approach to this problem is blood plasma spectroscopy, which has proven its effectiveness in various diseases. From the perspective of HCC, few studies have focused on blood plasma spectroscopy. In the review, the authors also present their work, where blood plasma spectroscopy achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 88 % and 90 %, respectively, in differentiating patients with liver cirrhosis without and with HCC. Despite all efforts, a sufficiently reliable and validated biomarker of HCC usable for early diagnosis and screening has not yet been identified.

Both the Mitragyna speciosa and products manufactured from its leaves are named kratom. The dry material of kratom contains a number of biologically active alkaloids, including two abundant substances mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine that interact with opioid receptors. Kratom is used as an anesthetic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and wound-healing drug. Adverse effects can follow the excessive intake of kratom, and it is also considered an addictive substance in some countries. This review describes kratom's origin, biological effects' mechanism, its therapeutic and adverse impact on an organism, and the legislative aspects of its sale are described here.

The precise method of action of dienogest on the production and development of endometriosis lesions is unknown, and its controversial effect on endometrial thickness has been under investigation. In the following study the Dienogest's effects on the target animal's histology of female reproductive organs, including the tissues from the Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus, as well as the impact of drug administration on the liver's enzymes and the drug's effects on triglycerides, body weight, and HbA1c, have all been studied. The findings of the following experiment indicated that there was no significant elevation of liver enzymes. The little to no elevation of the liver enzymes indicated that the drug did not induce stress on the hepatic cells and according to the subsequent experiment it is safe for clinical use. Moreover, after 10, 20, and 30 days of blood administration, the level of blood TG significantly decreased, and after 30 days of intake, the level of blood sugar significantly decreased. However, there were no appreciable changes after 10 and 20 days. After 30 days of treatment, the rats' weight also showed a very minor drop. In addition to it, the results of histological changes in the tissue in the following study represented that there were evident changes in the tissues which comprised of decline in blood circulation, fibrosis in tissues, and degeneration of follicles.

Background: Asprosin is correlated to many pathologic of glucose dysregulation, insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, serum lipids, and adiposity.Objective investigating the role of the asprosin hormone and its relationship to insulin resistance in newly diagnosed metabolic syndrome and clinical parameters.Methods: The study included measurement of asprosin hormone, insulin, insulin resistance and some biochemical variable levels in metabolic syndrome patients with age matching to the control group (35 - 65 years). The study included the measurement of asprosin hormone. MetS were diagnosed in compliance with the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) criteria for patients attending the abdominal consultation unit at the Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital in Mosul, Iraq.Results: The findings revealed a significant increase in the concertation of asprosin hormone in metabolic syndrome patients compared to the control group. Also, it has been found that was a significant increase in the concertation of glucose, insulin, homeostasis model for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Glucose to insulin Ratio(G/I), Triglyceride Glucose index (TyG), and McAuley Index, in addition to decreasing in homeostasis model for β-cell function(HOMA-%β), sensitivity of insulin(HOMA-%S) and Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index(QUICKI) in the metabolic syndrome patients. there is also a significant positive correlation between asprosin hormone with insulin resistance.Conclusion: Findings indicated that serum levels of asprosin and insulin resistance are increased in patients with metabolic syndrome. Also, they have a relationship with clinical parameters. So asprosin hormone can be used new biomarker of metabolic turbulence.

Fecal microbiota therapy is going through its renaissance period. Even in ancient China, stool and its derivats were used for therapy of various diseases. Now thanks to new molecular methods a new knowledge about the intestinal microbiome and its interference with the human physiology, this method can be used for concrete therapy of disease.