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CHEMFORASE¹ is a french innovative biotechnological start-up, built in 2016, and specialized in the manufacturing and marketing of affinity resins for purification of cholinesterases. The lead product, Hupresin®, makes it possible to purify efficiently both plasmatic and recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). This innovative Hupresin® technology has perfect characteristics to specifically bind cholinesterases, providing the best performances on the market. CHEMFORASE also developed a fast flow affinity resin, Hupresin^® AC, efficient for the purification of plasmatic BChE. A new affinity resin with better capacity is under development. These new chromatographic supports should facilitate the large-scale production of BChE and reduce the costs associated for the production of BChE-based drugs such as nerve agents bioscavengers. Hupresin^® Magnet is the magnetic version of Hupresin^® that is compatible with the efficient extraction of BChE from small samples. This technology might facilitate the development of diagnosis tool useful for proving exposure to nerve agents and for identifying the type of poison involved. Based on its know-how, CHEMFORASE offers his knowledge for your research. The company has expertise in organic chemistry synthesis and has laboratory equipment to manage gram scale synthesis: organophosphorus nerve agents simulants, organic fluorophores, fluorescent probes, heterocyclic molecules. As part of its research and development program, CHEMFORASE is continuously seeking for new academic and industrial collaborations in order to develop innovative tools for cholinesterases applications.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric condition. Globally, it is known to be the fourth leading source of ill health. Butyrylcholinesterase is a cholinergic enzyme with diversified reported functions. Objectives of the present study was to find the status of BChE in depressive individuals and to investigate the association of two SNPs of BCHE (rs3495; c.*189G<A) and (rs1803274; c.*1699G>A). Study was conducted with the approval from Ethical Review Board of the Department of Biosciences and consents from participants. Seventy six MDD patients and fifty four healthy controls were recruited for the study. Depressive individuals were diagnosed by the consultant psychiatrist. BChE activity was measured using plasma by Ellman’s method. The blood samples were genotyped for rs3495 using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and rs1803274 by allele refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (tetra-primer ARMS-PCR). Biochemical estimation of BChE showed a significant decrease activity in MDD patients (0.020 µmol/L/min; n=54) than healthy controls (0.028 µmol/L/min; n=76). Genetic analysis revealed no significant association for rs3495. However, the statistical analysis of the genotyped data of rs1803274 showed statistically significant association under dominant model (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.09-4.96; p-value =0.025). Homozygous GG genotype was higher in control (p-value=0.01) as compared to the cases. Significant result was also noted in allele frequency distribution (p-value =0.01). The study concludes that BChE may have a tentative role in pathophysiology of MDD. Genetic association of rs1803274 with the disease is also evident. A further study with different ethnic groups is suggested.

Acetylcholine (ACh), the primary neurotransmitter released by vagus nerve, suppresses the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue damage via the α7-nicotinic ACh receptor (α7-nAChR); this connection is being known as “cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP)”, a communication between immune and nervous systems. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is responsible for rapid elimination of ACh in vertebrate. In the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), AChE inhibitors are commonly employed. The modulatory role of AChE inhibitors in inflammation have been reported. Here, the expression profile of AChE was determined in cultured macrophages. The tetramic form of PRiMA-linked AChE was found to be the predominant form, and its glycosylation pattern was similar to that of brain AChE. The challenge of LPS induced the rate of transcription of AChE, and this induction was shown to be triggered by NFκB, a key transcription factor in regulating immune responses. In LPS-treated macrophages, the release of cytokines was inhibited by co-applied galantamine, or other AChE inhibitors, in a dose-dependent manner: this LPS-induced inflammation was also altered by over expression of PRiMA-linked AChE. In cultured macrophages, the LPS-induced cell migration, confirmed by Transwell^® motility assay, was suppressed by applied ACh, and this suppression was further enhanced by the co-applied galantamine, or other AChE inhibitors. In parallel, the levels of MMP2 and CDC42, two pro-migratory genes, were suppressed in the present of galantamine. Thus, the role of AChE in CAP needs to be elucidated.

We have showed before that both cholinesterases are present in rat aorta, while inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase impairs physiology of the isolated organ. The endothelium-dependent vasodilatory effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on vessels is well known, but physiological or pathological importance of this effect in live animals is questionable, and origin of possibly acting ACh unclear. Hypothesizing that aorta is a non-neuronal cholinergic tissue, the main aim of this project was to examine the presence of the proteins involved in the synthesis, storage, release, and degradation of ACh. Target-specific primers were used in RT-qPCR for determination of relative expressions and proteins were visualized by immunohistochemistry using commercially available antibodies. We confirmed the presence of high-affinity transporter and vesicular acetylcholine transporter in aorta, but no choline acetyltransferase was detected. Instead, relatively high levels of carnitine acetyltransferase were observed thus we assume this enzyme to be responsible for ACh synthesis in aorta. Additionally, present organic cation transporters OCT2 and OCT3 (but not OCT1) suggest possible involvement in ACh transmembrane transport. We confirmed the presence of both cholinesterases in rat aorta, more precisely in the smooth muscle, while no protein or activity was detected in the endothelium. Our results confirm aorta to be a non-neuronal cholinergic tissue carrying a full machinery for synthesis, storage and release and degradation of ACh.

Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy has a long science history. During its existence, many Ph.D., PharmDr. or diploma thesis were originated here. In recent years, the Department is more open to young science interested people, expecially to secondary school students.

Flow injection analysis (FIA) is an analytical method where the reaction mixture is injected into flow of liquid. The reaction product is monitored by a suitable detector such as ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) spectrophotometric or electrochemical detector. Mass spectrometric detectors (MS) are coming to be a standard equipment of analytical laboratories in the present time. This work is focused on application of FIA-MS instrumentation for monitoring of Ellman's reaction where both reactants (acetylthiocholine and 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid, DTNB) and the reaction product (5-mercapto-2-nitrobenzoic acid) are monitored. This reaction is usually used for monitoring of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Due to its simplicity, the developed method is generally applicable for monitoring of enzymatic reactions of cholinesterases. The main advantage of this method is high selectivity and reduction of influence of compounds, which are reacting with DTNB, resulting in a color product of Ellman's reaction.

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor belongs to the group of glutamate receptors, which are further divided into ionotropic and metabotropic. It affects synaptic plasticity and the development of neuronal synapsis in CNS. Ionotropic NMDA receptors are activated by glutamate, thereby flowing positively charged ions through the membrane along its concentration gradient. However, glutamate overload leads to excitotoxicity, due to high levels of Ca²⁺, which leads to cell death assocciated with neurodegenerative diseases. NMDA antagonists like dizocilpine reduce intracellular concentration of Ca²⁺ by modulating permeability of NMDA receptor channel. Dizocilpine act as a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist with anticonvulsant and anesthetic properties. Its therapeutic use in humans is limited due its numerous side effects, but it is experimentally used as an animal model of schizophrenia.

In this paper we have compiled and summarized the steps which manufacturers and clinical investigators need to undertake to perform a target population definition during the Health technology assessment process of medical device, namely external cardio stimulator (pacemaker). Based on available data using top-down approach we have defined target population for external cardiostimulator and estimated, that the size of the target population for external pacing will not exceed 16000 patients per year in the Czech Republic and is of comparable size with other states in the region.

Introduction: Judo is one of the most common martial arts around the world. Lower limb injuries in judo are a significant issue. Optimal dynamic stability plays an important role in injury prevention. Due to the high risk of injury to the lower limbs, we decided to test the dynamic stability of professional judokas of the Military Sports Center DUKLA Banská Bystrica.Method: The Y Balance Test (YBT) is a device used as a test to measure dynamic stability and determine the potential risk of lower limb injury. When measuring the athlete's lower limbs, YBT requires maintaining balance, strength, coordination and stability on one leg while moving the other leg along the Y-shaped measuring pad as far as possible, in three different directions, anterior, posterolateral and posteromedial.Results: The mean value of the YBT composite score in judoists was 102.6 (SD ± 10.28) and 103.26 (SD ± 8.33) on the left and left, respectively. right lower limb. The mean YBT composite score in the control group was 106.76 (SD ± 7.20) and 106.88 (SD ± 8.30) on the left, respectively. right lower limb. The difference between the composite score of the left lower limb in both groups and the right lower limb in both groups was not statistically significant (p <0.05).Conclusion: The results of the Y Balance Test were not better in professional judoists compared to the control non-sporting population.

Introduction: Fluoroquinolones are a frequently prescribed class of antibiotics, which has been blacklisted in recent years because of a growing evidence of the connection with serious undesirable effects, infections Clostridioides difficile, and a connection with the occurrence of multiresistant strains.Methods: In the University Hospital Hradec Kralove in the course of the years 2009-2019, several antibiotic stewardship restrictive and educational interventions were performed by the Antibiotic Centre aiming to decrease quinolone antibiotics administration. The data of the consumption of quinolone antibiotics were retrospectively evaluated and correlated with the development of sensitivity and occurrence of multiresistance of selected bacteria in the hospital.Results: In the period under investigation, consumption of fluoroquinolone antibiotics significantly decreased (p<0.001) in 10 years by 71.8% to 26.7 DDD/1000 patient day. Sensitivity of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to fluoroquinolones in the period under investigation increased by 4.8% (respectively by 15%); on the other hand, sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus decreased by 4.2% to 85.5% share of sensitive strains. The incidence of the multiresistant isolates Pseudomonas aeruginosa decreased by 8.1%, but the occurrence of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was increased in the period under investigation. The occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus did not show a stable trend and finally it was moderately increased by 2.9%.Conclusion: Implementation of programmes of antimicrobial stewardship for hospitalized patients resulted in a decrease and a rationalization of fluoroquinolone administration. The reduction of their consumption in our hospital resulted in a statistically insignificant increase in the sensitivity of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but not Staphylococcus aureus.

The Veterans Health Administration provides health care for 9 million American armed forces veterans every year. The system is currently undergoing transformation to personalized, proactive and patient-driven health care. One part of this transformation is called Whole Health for Life and is discussed in this article in greater detail with an emphasis on holistic approach and using some complementary and alternative methods, such as for example yoga. It could be inspiring for health care about both the veterans and patients with chronic health conditions in the Czech Republic.

Ministry of Defence resort has its own medical service to provide health care and occupational-medical care and also hygiene service for supervision in the field of public health protection of Czech Army members and employees of Ministry of Defence. The incidence of occupational diseases partly indicates the effectiveness of the preventive measures in place. Occupational diseases have been reported and recorded. In 2010 – 2019, a total of 190 occupational diseases (188 occupational diseases and 2 persons endangered by an occupational disease) were certified and recorded in the Ministry of Defence resort. Diseases caused by the biological agents dominated, it was about work-related infectious diseases. In addition to work in health care industry and forestry, the training of troops in field conditions and, above all, military deployment abroad also proved to be risky in terms of infection. Another important group of occupational diseases was the lesion of peripheral nerves of the upper limbs and damage of musculoskeletal system due to excessive exposure to vibration and local muscle strain. Mainly civilian employees in forestry and in repair companies were punished by these occupational diseases. Work at risk have been recorded. In the end of 2019, there was in total 428 different work at risk recorded in the Ministry of Defence resort. The number of professional soldiers working at risk was 2806 persons and 1904 other persons. The Decision about the categorization of military service was issued by the chief hygiene officer of the Czech Army in 2020. It classified military service in the Czech Army as work at risk and, as a result, the number of persons working at risk in the Ministry of Defence resort has increased remarkably. The system of occupational-medical service is undergoing reform.

One of the major economical expense for health providers in wound care management are patients with diabetic foot ulcer or a chronic lower limb ischemia. Main treatment goal in theese patients is usually reduction in a number of amputations, especially high-ones, deeply affecting quality of life of patients. Hyperbaric medicine is already estabilished as an adjuvant method in some of these indications. In some cases it is already part of the national recomendations for diabetic foot ulcer treatment. The aim of this work is to present recent clinical systematic reviews and currently valid recommendations for the treatment of difficult-to-heal ulcers according to the 10^th European Consensus Conference ECHM (European Commission for Hyperbaric Medicine) from 2016. Part of the work is an overview of pharmacoeconomic studies, summary of treatment costs for diabetes, its complications, in patients after amputations as well as costs of HBOT. Finally, the principle and significance of the method of transcutaneous oximetry and the so-called oxygen challenge in relation to HBOT in patients with critical ischemia and diabetic foot syndrome are explained.

The initiative of Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) is a tool of European Union (EU) embedded in the Treaty of Lisbon of the year 2007 that allows founding an international project team focused on a specific task and aimed to improve armies of EU members to support the Common Security and Defence Policy. The area of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials (CBRN) is one of the promising and possible focuses where a PESCO project can be placed. This work is focused on the evaluation of the initiative PESCO in the relation to the area of CBRN and application of results from the projects to the current military praxis.

Oxidative stress is considered predictors of diseases associated with aging (cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, malignancies, and others) in HIV-negative general population. Antioxidants were investigated in people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment to determine whether they had an immunosenescent phenotype that might predispose to the development of premature age-related diseases. Clinical studies in this population are controversial.Methods: The study was conducted among 213 subjects with HIV, including 172 subjects on antiretro-virals and 41 subjects before the initiation of treatment. The control group consisted of healthy HIV-negative adults. We compared the reduced glutathione and ferric reducing antioxidant power levels in HIV untreated and treated patients and controls. Significant differences were determined by appropriate statistical tests (t - test, Mann–Whitney U test, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test). Relationships between continuous variables were quantified using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.Results: Glutathione levels were significantly lower in the treated group compared with the untreated group and controls (P ˂ 0.001). Differences in total antioxidant levels between groups were not found.Conclusions: Significant decrease of antioxidants was found independent of the virologic status of HIV patients on antiretroviral treatment. Persistence of these abnormal parameters may contribute and predispose to the premature development of diseases associated with aging.

As in everyday life, it was necessary to respond to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic at the campus of the Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, as well. The management of the faculty took a number of measures, but for the academic sphere, the most important of these was the restriction of contact teaching. The way, in which teaching and training would proceed in the limited conditions, has been delegated to the heads of departments and guarantors of individual subjects. The Department of Military Medical Service Organization tested a teaching model which brought new knowledge that can be worked with in the future.

This article focuses on health protection at work and investigates the potential health risk in the workplace. It describes the system of job cathegorization in the Czech Republic regarding professional diseases focusing on occupational diseases. Information about the employer’s responsibility for harm caused by occupational diseases and subsequent compensation is provided in this article. This review summarises incidences of occupational diseases in hierarchical risk level of jobs within the years 2010-2019. These jobs are categorised by the employer and regional hygienic station.

Over the past two decades, the world has witnessed the onset of three different coronaviruses: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Each of these has resulted in features that have made it in some ways stronger than the previous one. Predictive epidemic models are widely recognised as one of the most reliable and valuable tools to help policymakers take decisions regarding the management of sanitary crises and have been helping governments by calculating potential consequences and benefits of related containment measures. A comparison of epidemic models that were elaborated on SARS-CoV, which caused severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and on SARS-CoV-2, which is currently causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will lead to an overview of the potential reasons why the current one has led the world into an ongoing pandemic, while the other two remained relatively delimited.

The article provides an interim analysis of cases of COVID-19 reported as an occupational disease to the National Registry of Occupational Diseases in 2020 and in the 1^st quarter of 2021. There were 370 cases, of which 285 are women representing 77% and 85 men representing 23%. The age range was from 18 to 70 years. The average age was 43 years. All the diseases occurred in 2020, mostly in the first wave of the epidemic. Because the average time between illness and the case reporting was 170 days, it can be expected that many cases are still under assessment. Most cases come from the Moravian-Silesian, Olomouc and Hradec Králové regions. Virtually all of these patients were infected during various health care or social work activities. They were mostly nurses, physicians, and other healthcare professionals. It is just tip of the iceberg. According to the Czech Medical Chamber, over 55 000 health professionals have contracted COVID-19 since the beginning of the epidemic until January 10, 2021. It is therefore essential that the first contact physicians thought about the possibility of the occupational origin of COVID-19, sufficiently informed their patients and referred them to the relevant occupational disease centers. Physicians should also initiate compensation for the families of workers who died of COVID-19.

To carry out the physiological functions and maintaining human life requires the regular supply of essential nutrients in the form of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. These macronutrients not only provide energy for metabolic role, but also act as an important structural or signal molecules. Glucose is the main carbohydrate in mammals, almost all dietary carbohydrates are converted to glucose, which is essential, not only for the intermediate metabolism. Specific changes in metabolism occur in critical ill patient. Autonomic nervous system together with hormone production play essential role in maintaining adequate glucose metabolism in the critical illnes. Nutritional support is an important part of a comprehensive care for critically ill. Although glucose is historically and currently the only carbohydrated used in parenteral nutrition and nutritional aid, the answers to the questions of the experts about stress hyperglycaemia, importance of insulin resistance, adequate of glucose dose or their adverse effects still remain unclear. The present paper raises clinically relevant questions focused on the metabolism of glucose of the critically ill patient, but is not intended to be a systematic review of the literature.

Hepatitis E virus is responsible for epidemics and also endemics of this kind of diseases in humans, through waterborne, foodborne and zoonotic transmissions. A lot of aspects of VHE pathogenesis, replication, and immunological responses remain unknown up to this time. The virus is an extremly understudied but on other hand important human pathogen.

Anthrax is still a high threat biological agent, with historical precedence of potential terrorist use. While lack of human-to-human transmission may contain attacks in pockets, attacks can be multiple, coordinated and/or covert, therefore successful containment is heavily dependent on rapid identification after the smallest (possible) number of early cases, immediate and accurate statistical assessment of its geographic extent based on case histories, and a rapidly targeted prophylaxis strategy that considers both antibiotics and vaccine. Persistence of spores could lead to continued post-event threat, lack of guarantee that total decontamination has been achieved, fear of repeat attacks, concerns and disruptions to normal life, and tremendous loss to the economy. These considerations were among those that underpinned the recent 'Anthrax Counter Measures 2013' international conference held at the think-tank Royal United Services Institute, London, on 4 February 2013. Peer-reviewed abstracts of fifteen oral papers and nineteen posters presented in this conference are published as proceedings in this issue of the Military Medical Science Letters journal (ISSN 0372-7025). This meeting brought together academic, government and third sector organisations to debate key issues in anthrax counter measures under four themes: 'What might happen? How will we know? How to respond? What does the future look like?'. Topics explored include injectional anthrax (the latest and fourth mode of infection), inhalational anthrax (which drives biodefence considerations like animal models, emergency preparedness, etc.), the role of US government agencies post-Amerithrax attacks (especially the Animal Rule and Project BioShield, and the first licensed product raxibacumab), current and emerging trends in detection and diagnostics, etc. Discussions took place on how to accelerate products from laboratory to field, how to make the most out of the currently licensed antibiotics and vaccines, and how to bridge the gap between science and frontline response to anthrax. More efforts are needed to quantify the overall burden of the Amerithrax attacks, including the impact on tourism and business showdowns or diversions. This will enable governments to demonstrate value for taxpayer money and identify gaps through initiatives such as the annual preparedness index, shelf-life extension programmes, etc. Continued fiscal pressures could also encourage like-minded friendly governments to share resources and stockpiles, leading to other benefits such as increased resilience and cooperation.

Biological weapons include infectious agents and toxins. Toxins are poisons produced by living organisms. An important group of toxins are ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) of plant or microbial origin that inhibit protein synthesis by inactivating ribosomes. RIPs have been of great scientific interest due to their importance in human health, as both pathogenic agents and therapeutics, but also due to their potential use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. RIPs relevant to bioterrorism include mainly ricin and abrin. Ricin is protein produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis). Abrin is protein that has been isolated from the seeds of Abrus precatorius. Both inactivate ribosomes, which results in toxicity because of the inhibition of protein synthesis. Abrin and ricin are substances very toxic to humans in all types of administration, with the exception of oral administration. Symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, tachycardia, hypotension, and seizures. Treatment is supportive, and no antidote exists.

Gyromitra esculenta (Persoon ex Fries) mushrooms have been responsible for severe intoxications and even deaths. Clinical data are characterized primarily by vomiting and diarrhea and after a while by jaundice, convulsions and coma. Other Gyromitra species which may be of concern are G. fastigiata and G. gigas; nevertheless, recent advances in chromatography, biochemistry and toxicology have established that other species within the Ascomycetes may also prove toxic. Their toxins, mainly gyromitrin (N-methyl-N-formyl-N-acetyl-hydrazone) and their higher homologues are converted in the milieu of human stomach into N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine (MFH), then into N-methylhydrazine (MH). The toxicity of these latter chemicals, which are mainly hepatotoxic and even carcinogenic, has been established through in vivo and in vitro experiments with cell cultures and biochemical systems. Considering the chemical structure and the reactivity of these natural compounds, chemical and biochemical mechanisms are defined in order to explain their intrinsic biological activity. These findings imply that consumption of G. esculenta could present a carcinogenic as well as an acutely toxic health hazard.

Rubroboletus satanas (Lenz) Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang, known as Boletus satanas (Lenz) until 2014, and commonly known as the Devil´s bolete or Satan´s bolete, is a basidiomycete mushroom of the bolete family. Grows in mixed woodlands in the southern, warmer regions of Europe and North America. Satan´s bolete generally regarded as a poisonous mushroom, with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea and violent vomiting occurring if eaten raw or isufficiently heat-treated. The toxicity of the mushroom corresponds to a toxic protein called bolesatine. Bolesatine is a toxic glycoprotein which has been shown to inhibit protein synthesis in cell-free systems and cell culture and is toxic to rodents. Biology, chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of bolesatine is discussed in this article.

Imuregen is a unique dietary supplement that was developed by leading Czech immunologists, made and distributed from the Czech Republic, and first came out in the 1950s. Imuregen boasts of decades of research and clinical exposure. It was created for the immune system sourced only from all natural ingredients that support cellular immunity and energy, tissue regeneration, wound healing, endocrine gland repair, intestinal integrity, memory enhancement, and has antitumor effects.

Hemothorax is a frequent clinical situation often associated with chest injury or with iatrogenic lesions. Spontaneous hemothorax is uncommon and among its cause may include coagulation disorders, pleural, pulmonary or vascular pathology. Diagnostics is based on radiography or ultrasound and thoracentesis which may be also therapeutic solution. The majority of hemothoraxes can be managed non-operatively but hemodynamic instability, the volume of evacuated blood and persisting blood loss or persisting hemothorax require surgery. A surgical approach may vary from open thoracotomy to rapidly developing minimally invasive methods - video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and videothoracoscopy (VTS).

The following thesis focuses on the issues regarding catering and food and its impact on health and life satisfaction of coalition soldiers during their deployment on a military operation in the Middle East area. Obviously, food is a part of our lifestyle and it is certainly an area affecting our life satisfaction, all the more affecting the life satisfaction of soldiers specifically in an armed conflict environment where they are exposed to higher stress conditions. Furthermore, life satisfaction is one of the variables influencing the work itself. And work influences our lifestyle and vice versa. It can be also said that life satisfaction influenced by the working environment also affects the health of soldiers. It turns out that work satisfaction has a very strong and lasting relationship with life satisfaction, as work is a central factor for most people, influencing their identity Firstly, it was necessary to find out and describe information from the area of catering of troops in field conditions and fighting food rations which can be provided to deployed soldiers. The authors’ fundamen-tal research question is how the catering and food in the military operational environment affects the life satisfaction and health of deployed soldiers. To obtain the data, a standardized method, Life satisfaction question-naire (authors: J. Fahrenberg, M. Myrtek, J. Schumacher and E. Brähler, 2001), was used. Food and catering play a very high role in our lifestyle, affects our health and furthermore, the quality of life in any situation. In life satisfaction, Danish soldiers have higher values, followed by American soldiers, and British men are the least satisfied during the foreign operation. The reasons for differences and their clarification corespondes with the last published “Happines Index” which is investigated annually by the United Nations agency.

More attention has been paid to bat research in recent years, resulting in the detection of viruses similar to those that cause serious infectious diseases in both humans and other mammals. The ability to fly, among other atypical characteristics, probably influenced their antiviral immune response during evolution. They can control the propagation of the virus and limit self-damaging inflammatory processes. The study of these properties is very important for understanding and possible prediction of virus jump to new hosts.

Luxation of the knee joint is a relatively rare high-energy injury with a disability of all knee joints with many early and late complications. While the diagnosis itself does not make it difficult, complications such as lesion of popliteal artery or compartment syndrome are key points and can escape attention and are needed to be actively pursued. One such case of knee luxation with revascularization by  popliteopopliteal bypass using the autologous graft v. Saphena magna and thrombectomy of the leg arteries and protective fasciotomy for impending compartment syndrome is presented by the authors in this case study.